Table 4.

Proportion of adolescent drivers who talked on a handheld device while driving at least once in the 30 days before the survey by the presence of a state universal handheld calling ban

Characteristic	Presence of a universal handheld calling ban	Total^a N	Engaged in behavior^b
Characteristic	Presence of a universal handheld calling ban	Total^a N	N	Percent
Entire sample	Present	449	73	16.3
	Absent	1,277	505	39.5
	Overall	1,726	578	33.5
Age(y)
16–17	Present	323	45	13.9
	Absent	943	330	35.0
	Overall	1,266	375	29.6
18	Present	126	28	22.2
	Absent	334	175	52.4
	Overall	460	203	44.1
Sex
Male	Present	218	34	15.6
	Absent	640	265	41.4
	Overall	858	299	34.8
Female	Present	231	39	16.9
	Absent	637	240	37.7
	Overall	868	279	32.1
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	Present	265	37	14.0
	Absent	900	388	43.1
	Overall	1,165	425	36.5
Other	Present	184	36	19.6
	Absent	377	117	31.0
	Overall	561	153	27.3
Location
Urban	Present	419	65	15.5
	Absent	1,044	392	37.5
	Overall	1,463	457	31.2
Rural	Present	30	8	26.7
	Absent	233	113	48.5
	Overall	263	121	46.0

This number is the total number (N) of respondents who answered the study questions by the presence or the absence of a universal handheld calling ban in their state at time of survey. The term “overall” implies the total number of respondents in the subgroup regardless of ban status.

This is the number and percentage of respondents who reported to engage in handheld conversations out of the total number of respondents to the questions by ban status.