Table 4.
Recent epidemiologic studies investigating the association between selective pesticides and T2DM or AD
| Outcome (Ascertainment) |
Study, Cohort | Exposure Assessment |
Exposure Location, Timing |
Country | Study Type | Sample size | Main Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Total | |||||||
| T2DM (Medication use or blood glucose) |
Lee, 2006, NHANES63 | 6 OCs/POPs, Measured | Serum, Baseline | United States | Cross-Sectional, 1999–2002 | 217 | 2,016 | 6 POPs Summary: ≥90th vs < LOD OR=37.7 (7.8, 182.0), p for trend <0.001 |
| T2DM (Self-report) |
Montgomery, 2008, AHS64 | OCs, Self-report | Occupational, Lifetime | United States | Longitudinal, 1993–2003 | 1,176 | 31,787 | Ever vs Never: Chlordane: OR=1.16 (1.01, 1.34); Heptachlor: OR=1.20 (1.01, 1.43) |
| T2DM (Self-report) |
Montgomery, 2008, AHS64 | OPs, Self-report | Occupational, Lifetime | United States | Longitudinal, 1993–2003 | 1,176 | 31,787 | Ever vs Never: Coumaphos: OR=1.26 (1.03, 1.55); Phorate OR=1.22 (1.06, 1.42); Terbufos OR=1.17 (1.02, 1.35); Trichlorfon OR=1.85 (1.03, 3.33) |
| T2DM (Self-report) |
Turyk, 2009, Great Lakes Consortium66 | DDE, Measured | Serum, Change over follow-up | United States | Longitudinal, 1994–2005 | 36 | 435 | Tertile 2 vs 1: OR=5.5 (1.2, 25.1); Tertile 3 vs 1: OR=7.1 (1.6, 31.9); p for trend=0.008 |
| T2DM (Medication use or blood glucose) |
Lee, 2010, CARDIA68 | 8 OCs, Measured | Serum, Year 2 | United States | Nested Case-control, 1987–2006 | 90 | 90 | Quartile 4 vs 1: Oxychordane: OR=2.6 (1.0, 7.0); trans-Nonachlor: OR=3.7 (1.2, 11.0) |
| T2DM (Medication use or blood glucose) |
Lee, 2011, PIVUS67 | 3 OCs, Measured | Plasma, Baseline | Sweden | Longitudinal, 2001–2009 | 36 | 725 | 3 OCs Summary: Quintile 5 vs 1 OR=3.4 (1.0, 11.7) |
| T2DM (Self-report) |
Wu, 2013, NHS69 | 3 OCs, Measured | Plasma, Baseline | United States | Nested Case-control, 1989–2008 | 48 | 1,095 | Tertile 3 vs 1: HCBs: OR=3.59 (1.49, 8.64); DDE: OR=1.58 (0.69, 3.59); DDT: OR=1.06 (0.49, 2.28) |
| T2DM (Self-report) |
Starling, 2014, AHS Spouses65 | OPs, Self-report | Occupational, Lifetime | United States | Longitudinal, 1993–2007 | 688 | 13,637 women | Ever vs never: Fonofos HR=1.56 (1.11, 2.19); Phorate HR=1.57 (1.14, 2.16); Parathion HR=1.61 (1.05, 2.46) |
| T2DM (Self-report) |
Starling, 2014, AHS Spouses65 | OCs, Self-report | Occupational, Lifetime | United States | Longitudinal, 1993–2007 | 688 | 13,637 women | Ever vs never: Dieldrin HR=1.99 (1.12, 3.54) |
| AD (Clinical examination) |
McDowell, 1994, CSHA73 | All pesticides, Self-report | Occupational, Lifetime | Canada | Case-Control, 1991 | 258 | 535 | OR=2.17 (1.18, 3.99) |
| AD (Clinical examination) |
Tyas, 2001, MSHA74 | All pesticides/fertilizers, Self-report | Occupational, Lifetime | Canada | Longitudinal, 1991–1997 | 36 | 694 | RR = 1.45 (95% CI 0.57–3.68) |
| AD (Clinical examination) |
Gauthier, 2001, SLSJ76 | All pesticides, Record based | Residence, 1971–1991 | Canada | Case-Control | 67 | 134 | Herbicides: OR=1.07 (0.39, 2.54); Insecticides: OR=1.62 (0.64, 4.11); Pesticides: OR=0.97 (0.38, 2.41) |
| AD (Clinical examination) |
Baldi, 2003, PAQUID75 | All pesticide, JEM | Occupational, Lifetime | France | Longitudinal, 1992–1998 | 96 | 1,507 men | RR=2.4 (1.0, 5.6) |
| AD (Clinical examination) |
Hayden, 2010, CCMS71 | OPs, Self-report | Occupational, Lifetime | United States | Longitudinal, 1995–2005 | 344 | 3,084 | HR=1.53 (1.05, 2.23) |
| AD (Clinical examination) |
Hayden, 2010, CCMS71 | OCs, Self-report | Occupational, Lifetime | United States | Longitudinal, 1995–2005 | 344 | 3,084 | HR=1.49 (0.99, 2.24) |
| AD Prevalence (Medical records) |
Parron, 2011, Andalusian Districts91 | All pesticides, Record based | District wide, 2001 | Spain | Ecologic, 1985–2005 | 3529 | 17,429 | High exposure vs low: OR=2.10 (1.96, 2.25) |
| AD (Clinical examination) |
Richardson, 2014, AD Research Centers Patients70 | DDE, Measured | Serum, Baseline | United States | Case-Control, 2002–2008 | 86 | 165 | OR=4.18 (2.54, 5.82) |
| AD-related Mortality (Medical records) |
Koeman, 2015, NLCS77 | All pesticides, JEM | Occupational, Lifetime | Netherlands | Longitudinal, 1986–2003 | 113 | 2,098 men | Herbicides: OR=0.70 (0.24, 2.02); Insecticides: OR=0.87 (0.40, 1.90); Pesticides: OR=0.86 (0.40, 1.88) |
| Dementia (Medical Records) |
Lin, 2015, NHIRD72 | Acute OP poisoning, Medical records | N/A | Taiwan | Longitudinal, 2000–2011 | 507 | 48,126 | HR=1.98 (95% CI, 1.59–2.47) |
JEM=Job Exposure Matrix; LOD=Limit of Detection; N/A=Not applicable, exposure is acute OP poisoning based on hospital records.
Studies: NHANES= National Health and Examination Survey; AHS= Agricultural Health Study; CARDIA=Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults cohort; PIVUS=The Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors study; NHS= Nurses’ Health Cohort; PAQUID=Personnes Agées Quid; CHSA= The Canadian Study of Health and Aging; MSHA= Manitoba Study of Health and Aging; SLSJ= Saguenay–Lac Saint-Jean region study; CCME= Cache County Memory Study; NLCS= The Netherlands Cohort Study; NHIRD=National Health Insurance Research Database