Table 3. Association of timing of castration with excitability, energy and miscellaneous responses for male dogs.

Response	ANOVA (type II) statistics
	AAC likelihood-ratio χ2	P value	PLGH (Reduced PLGH Model) Likelihood -ratio χ2	P value
Excitability
Excitable just before being taken on a car trip	0	0.996	7.88	0.005
Excitable when doorbell rings	57.16	<0.001*	147.06	<0.001*
Energy
Playful, puppyish, boisterous	13.93	<0.001*	1.48	0.224
Active, energetic, always on the go	11.13	0.001*	2.22	0.136
Miscellaneous
Aggression toward cats, squirrels or other small animals entering your yard	4.48	0.034	16.18	<0.001*
Chases or would chase squirrels, rabbits and other small animals given the opportunity	51.61	<0.001*	77.51	<0.001*
Urinates against objects/furnishings in your home.	53.06	<0.001*	62.46	<0.001*
“Mounts” objects, furniture, or people	48.5	<0.001*	41.97	<0.001*
Licks him/herself excessively	0.15	0.695	4.43	0.035
Eats own or other animals’ droppings or faeces	6.56	0.010	13.23	<0.001*
Steals food	13.56	<0.001*	8.25	0.004
When off the leash, returns immediately when called	2.66	0.103	9.84	0.002*
Barks persistently when alarmed or excited	13.08	<0.001*	31.42	<0.001*
Will “fetch” or attempt to fetch sticks, balls, or objects	40.43	<0.001*	34.00	<0.001*
Rolls in animal droppings or other “smelly” substances	28.12	<0.001*	50.52	<0.001*

* Significant p values at the level 0.05.