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. 2018 May 1;9:1752. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04038-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Dkk3 is upregulated in muscles with age-related atrophy. a A pie diagram indicating the percentage of genes showing expression level changes in old versus young muscles. RNA was isolated from TA muscles showing atrophy and subjected for mRNA-sequencing analysis. The percentage of genes downregulated in TA muscles isolated from old mice compared to that in TA muscle isolated from young mice was indicated by blue. The percentage of genes upregulated in old TA muscles was indicated by red. The percentage of genes unchanged was indicated by green. b A scatter plot showing the comparison of transcriptome of old muscles showing atrophy versus young muscles. The red dots indicated the genes that were differentially expressed in old muscles versus young muscles. Statistic analysis was based on two independent mRNA-seq experiments for each sample. c Expression levels of Fbxo32, Trim63, and Dkk3 in primary myofibers isolated from young or old mice, respectively. RT-qPCR was performed with RNA extracted from the primary myofibers. Error bars indicated standard deviation (s.d.) and were based on three independent experiments. ** indicated p < 0.01. d Dkk3 protein level was elevated in peripheral blood of sarcopenia patients. Dkk3 protein level was examined by ELISA in blood samples taken from sarcopenia patients and healthy young humans. Error bars indicated s.d. and were based on 20 samples. *** indicated p < 0.001. e Dkk3 expression level was correlated with Fbxo32 and Trim63 expression level and BMI (body mass index) in aged human muscles. RT-qPCR assays were performed with muscle biopsies obtained from young or old patients and the results were normalized to GAPDH. The line indicated mean value. Error bars indicated s.d. and were based on 10 biological replicas. All p-values were based on two-tailed t-test