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. 2018 May 1;8:6789. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25098-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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GDF15 suppresses expression of fibrosis-related genes and OPN in HSCs and NASH livers. (a) Relative fibrosis-related gene expression in the liver of Gdf15^–/– and control mice fed MCD diet for 8 weeks (n = 3–4) or AMLN diet for 30 weeks (n = 5–7). (b–d) Relative expression of fibrosis-related genes in hTERT-HSCs (b,d) and primary mouse HSCs (c) treated with TGFβ1 (2.5 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of GDF15 pretreatment. (e,f) Relative Opn mRNA levels and OPN immunostaining in the liver of Gdf15^–/– and control mice fed MCD for 8 weeks (e, n = 3–4) or AMLN diet for 30 weeks (f, n = 5–7). Scale bars, 100 μm. Data are means ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.