Table 2.

Example research topics for modeling dynamic temporal interactions

Phenomenon of interest	Behavioral indicators	Unitizing decision	Data gathering
Team problem solving	Specific verbal behaviors: Stating a problem; stating an idea; asking a question (e.g., Lehmann-Willenbrock, Allen, & Meinecke, 2014)	Sense units (Bales, 1950)	Video recorded team interactions
Leader-follower relationships	Specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors: Supportive statements; sharing ideas; encouragement; expressing concern	Sense units and nonverbal cues (e.g., Nowicki & Duke, 1994)	Video and/or audio recorded dyadic interactions
Group mood	Nonverbal behaviors: Frowning; smiling; other facial expressions; hand gestures posture (e.g., Krauss, Chen, & Chawla, 1996; Lehmann-Willenbrock et al., 2011)	e.g., 2-min segments (Barsade, 2002)	Video recorded group interactions
Inspirational leadership in groups	Specific verbal behaviors: Identified positive statements based upon theory; encouragement/supportive socioemotional statements; solution-oriented statements (e.g., Lehmann-Willenbrock et al., 2015)	Sense units (Bales, 1950)	Video recorded group (i.e. leader-follower) interactions
Group consensus	Specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors: Supportive statements; agreement statements; procedural statements; nods; smiling	Sense units and focused segments (e.g., final decision moments of a group meeting)	Video recorded group interactions