Skip to main content
. 2018 May 2;376(3):20. doi: 10.1007/s41061-018-0198-z

Table 1.

Summary of characteristic properties of lignin

Type of lignin Kraft Lignosulfonate Soda Organosolv References
Structure graphic file with name 41061_2018_198_Figa_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41061_2018_198_Figb_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41061_2018_198_Figc_HTML.gif graphic file with name 41061_2018_198_Figd_HTML.gif [80]
Separation methods Precipitation (pH change)–ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration Precipitation (pH change)–ultrafiltration Precipitation (addition of non-solvent)
Dissolved air flotation		 [80]
Active extracting agent NaOH, Na2S H+ , HSO3− NaOH 40–60 wt% aqueous ethanol [26, 111]
pH of isolation medium 13–14 1–2 (acid bisulfite)
3–5 (bisulfite)		 13–14 – [26, 111]
Temp. (°C) 155–175 125–145 (acid bisulfite)
150–170 (bisulfite)		 155–175 180–210 [26, 111]
Sulphur (%) 1.0–3.0 3.5–8.0 0 0 [80]
Nitrogen (%) 0.05 0.02 0.2–1.0 0–0.3 [80]
Molecular weight (× 103 g mol−1) 1.5–5 (up to 25) 1–50 (up to 150) 0.8–3 (up to 15) 0.5–5 [80]
Solubility Alkali and some organic solvents Water Alkali Broad range of organic solvents [80]
Tg (°C) 140–150 130 140 90–110 [80]
Td (°C) 340–370 250–260 360–370 390–400 [80]
Scale (ktpa) 60 1000 5–10 ∼ 3 [112]