Table 5.
Comparison of all-cause total health care costs of matched patients with hyperkalemia and patients without hyperkalemia within 30 days and within 1 year of the index date by subgroup
| Patient subgroup | Costs within 30 days |
Costs within 1 year |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients |
All patients |
|||||||
| Number of pairs | Patients with hyperkalemia Mean |
Patients without hyperkalemia Mean |
Difference (95% CI) | Number of pairs | Patients with hyperkalemia Mean |
Patients without hyperkalemia Mean |
Difference (95% CI) | |
| Patients with CKDa and/or heart failure | 11,221 | $8165 | $2612 | $5553 ($5059–$6047)∗ | 11,221 | $48,994 | $24,861 | $24,133 ($21,748–$26,518)∗ |
| Patients with CKDa | 9620 | $7324 | $2541 | $4783 ($4227–$5339)∗ | 9620 | $46,483 | $24,625 | $21,857 ($20,079–$23,635)∗ |
| Patients with CKD stage 5a | 1191 | $13,683 | $3998 | $9685 ($7042–$12,328)∗ | 1191 | $99,616 | $46,821 | $52,795 ($40,232–$65,357)∗ |
| Patients with CKD stage 4a | 1903 | $6748 | $3019 | $3730 ($2825–$4634)∗ | 1903 | $45,911 | $29,175 | $16,736 ($11,543–$21,929)∗ |
| Patients with CKD stage 3a | 5795 | $5996 | $2116 | $3880 ($3339–$4420)∗ | 5795 | $35,592 | $19,118 | $16,474 ($14,026–$18,922)∗ |
| Patients with unspecified CKD stagea | 731 | $8994 | $2289 | $6706 ($4990–$8421)∗ | 731 | $47,736 | $20,277 | $27,459 ($20,997–$33,922)∗ |
| Patients with dialysis treatment | 654 | $22,942 | $15,959 | $6983 ($2845–$11,120)∗ | 654 | $155,346 | $130,249 | $25,097 ($8,209–$41,986)∗ |
| Patients with heart failure | 3789 | $12,718 | $4391 | $8327 ($7172–$9482)∗ | 3789 | $69,211 | $39,637 | $29,574 ($24,183–$34,965)∗ |
| Patients with diabetes | 14,318 | $6951 | $2181 | $4770 ($4392–$5148)∗ | 14,318 | $40,995 | $20,338 | $20,657 ($18,881–$22,433)∗ |
| Patients with hypertension | 22,605 | $6961 | $2255 | $4706 ($4375–$5038)∗ | 22,605 | $38,567 | $19,911 | $18,655 ($17,239–$20,071)∗ |
| Other patients | 12,384 | $4079 | $1158 | $2921 ($2576–$3266)∗ | 12,384 | $18,082 | $8656 | $9426 ($8294–$10,558)∗ |
CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
CKD and CKD stage were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). CKD was identified via diagnosis code or eGFR results indicating stage 3–5 CKD categorized as follows: stage 3 CKD was defined as having a CKD stage 3 diagnosis code (585.3) or an eGFR between 30 and 59 ml/min; stage 4 CKD was defined as having a CKD stage 4 diagnosis code (585.4) or an eGFR between 15 and 29 ml/min; stage 5 CKD was defined as having a CKD stage 5 or end-stage diagnosis code (403 except for 403.x0, 404 except for 404.x1, 585.5, 585.6), or an eGFR below 15 ml/min. The CKD subgroup excluded patients who had dialysis. Patients who had dialysis were in a subgroup that was mutually exclusive with the CKD subgroup.
P < 0.05. P values were computed using paired t-tests.