Table 4.

Various biosensors designed for microbial detection.

Microbial sensor	Biomarker measuring mechanism	Analytical measurement	Limit of detection
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Pyocyanin metabolite from wound exudatea	Electrochemical	56 CFU/mL
	ecfX, ExoS, and ExoU genesb	mLAMP, LFNAB, colorimetric	20 CFU/mL
	Phage binding to hostc	Electrochemiluminescent	56 CFU/mL
Staphylococcus aureus	anti-S. aureus aptamerd	Potentiometric transducer	Covalent 8 × 102 CFU/mL Non-covalent 107 CFU/mL
	Proteolytic activitye	Colorimetric	7 CFU/mL

^aSismaet et al. (2016).

^bChen Y. et al. (2016).

^cYue et al. (2017).

^dZelada-Guillén et al. (2012).

^eSuaifan et al. (2017).