Table 4.
List of cytotoxic compounds isolated from endophytic fungi of terrestrial habitats.
| Sl No | Host plant | Fungal endophyte | Isolated cytotoxic compound/s | Tested cell line/s | Cytotoxicity | References & Units of cytotoxicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tectona grandis | Phomopsis sp. | Phomoxanthone A | KB BC-1 Vero |
0.99 0.51 1.4 |
Isaka et al., 2001 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| Phomoxanthone B | KB BC-1 Vero |
4.1 0.7 1.8 |
||||
| 2 | Knema laurina | Acremonium sp. | Brefeldin A | KB BC-1 NCI-H187 |
0.18 0.04 0.11 |
Chinworrungsee et al., 2008 IC50 (μM) |
| 8-Deoxy-trichothecin | KB BC-1 NCI-H187 |
>62.81 0.88 1.48 |
||||
| Trichothecolone | KB BC-1 NCI-H187 |
12.90 10.06 11.31 |
||||
| 7α-Hydroxytrichodermol | KB BC-1 NCI-H187 |
>75.10 2.37 1.73 |
||||
| 7α-Hydroxyscirpene | KB BC-1 NCI-H187 |
8.47 21.53 27.76 |
||||
| 3 | Polygonum senegalense | Alternaria sp. | Alternariol Alternariol 5-O-sulfate Alternariol 5-O-methyl ether Altenusin Desmethylaltenusin |
L5178Y | 1.7 4.5 7.8 6.8 6.2 |
Aly et al., 2008 EC50 (μg/mL) |
| 4 | Platycladus orientalis | Phyllosticta spinarum | Tauranin | NCI-H460 MCF7 SF-268 PC-3M MIA Pa Ca-2 |
4.3 1.5 1.8 3.5 2.8 |
Wijeratne et al., 2008 IC50 (μM) |
| 5 | Glochidion ferdinandi |
Eupenicillium sp. |
Trichodermamide C | HCT116 A549 |
0.68 4.28 |
Davis et al., 2008 IC50 (μM) |
| 6 | Hopea hainanensis | Penicillium sp. | Monomethylsulochrin | KB HepG2 |
30.0 30.0 |
Wang et al., 2008 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| Rhizoctonic acid | KB HepG2 |
20.0 25.0 |
||||
| Asperfumoid 3 | KB HepG2 |
20.0 15.0 |
||||
| 3,5-Dichloro-p-anisic acid 6 | KB HepG2 |
5.0 10.0 |
||||
| 7 | Aquilaria sinensis | Preussia sp. | Spiropreussione A | A2780 BEL-7404 |
2.4 3.0 |
Chen et al., 2009 IC50 (μM) |
| 8 | Etlingera littoralis | Eutypella sp. | Ent-4(15)-eudesmen-11-ol-1-one | NCI- H187 MCF7 KB Vero |
11 20 32 32 |
Isaka et al., 2009 IC50 (μM) |
| 9 | Mimosops elengi | Ascomycetes | Ergoflavin | ACHN NCI-H460 Panc1 HCT116 Calu1 |
1.2 4.0 2.4 8.0 1.5 |
Deshmukh et al., 2009 IC50 (μM) |
| 10 | Salvia officinalis | Chaetomium sp. | Cochliodinol Isocochliodinol |
L5178Y | 7.0 71.5 |
Debbab et al., 2009b EC50 (μg/mL) |
| 11 | Camellia sinensis | Pestalotiopsis fici | Pestaloficiol L | HeLa MCF7 |
8.7 17.4 |
(Liu L. et al., 2009) IC50 (μM) |
| 12 | Roystonea regia |
Pestalotiopsis photiniae |
Photinides A Photinides B Photinides C Photinides D Photinides E Photinides F |
MDA-MB-231 | 24.4 24.2 23.1 24.4 24.6 |
Ding et al., 2009 (% inhibitory rate at 10 μg/mL) |
| 13 | Mentha pulegium |
Stemphylium globuliferum |
6-O-Methylalteranin Alterporriol G/H |
L5178Y | 4.2 2.27 |
Debbab et al., 2009a EC50 (μg/mL) |
| 14 | Ginkgo biloba | Chaetomium globosum | Chaetomugilin A Chaetomugilin D Chaetoglobosin A Chaetoglobosin C |
Brine shrimp | 78.3 75.2 83.4 75.3 |
Qin et al., 2009 (% mortality rate at 10 μg/mL) |
| 15 | Liculaspinosa | Xylaria sp. | Eremophilanolide 1 Eremophilanolide 2 Eremophilanolide 3 |
KB MCF7 NCI-H187 |
3.8–21 | Isaka et al., 2010 IC50 (μM) |
| 16 | Musa acuminata | Phomopsis sp. | Oblongolides Z | KB BC NCI-H187 Vero |
37 26 32 60 |
Bunyapaiboonsri et al., 2010 IC50 (μM) |
| 17 | Tree from Gassan stock farm | Allantophomopsis lycopodina | Allantopyrone A Islandic acid-II methyl ester |
HL60 | 0.32 6.55 |
Shiono et al., 2010 IC50 (μM) |
| 18 | Artemisia annua | Chaetomium globosum | Chaetoglobosins V | KB K562 MCF7 HepG2 |
23.53 >30 27.86 >30 |
Zhang J. et al., 2010 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| Chaetoglobosins W | KB K562 MCF7 HepG2 |
21.17 >30 >30 27.87 |
||||
| 19 | Rehmannia glutinosa | Massrison sp. | Massarigenin D | LO2 HepG2 MCF7 A549 |
19.6 20.8 11.2 14.4 |
Sun et al., 2011 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| Spiromassaritone | LO2 HepG2 MCF7 A549 |
7.2 5.6 6.8 9.8 |
||||
| Paecilospirone | LO2 HepG2 MCF7 A549 |
12.4 10.4 7.6 6.8 |
||||
| 20 | Cinnamomum kanehirae | Fusarium oxysporum | Beauvericin | PC-3 Panc-1 A549 |
49.5 47.2 10.4 |
Wang et al., 2011 IC50 (μM) |
| 21 | Dysoxylumbi nectariferum Hook.f | Fusarium proliferatum | Rohitukine | HCT-116 MCF7 | 10 10 |
Mohana Kumara et al., 2012 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| 22 | Cinnamomum sp. |
Annulohypoxylon squamulosum |
Annulosquamulin | MCF7 NCI-H460 SF-268 |
3.19 3.38 2.46 |
Cheng et al., 2012 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| (3S)-7-hydroxymellein | MCF7 NCI-H460 SF-268 |
2.78 3.17 2.38 |
||||
| 23 | Erythrophleum fordii Oliver | Alternaria tenuissima | Tenuissimasatin | HCT-8 | >1 | Fang et al., 2012 IC50 (μmol/L) |
| (6aR, 6bS, 7S)-3, 6a, 7, 10-tetrahydroxy-4, 9-dioxo-4, 6a, 6b, 7, 8, 9-hexahydroperylene | HCT-8 | 1.78 | ||||
| 24 | Curcuma wenyujin | Chaetomium globosum Kunze | Chaetoglobosin X | H22 MFC |
3.125 6.25 |
Wang et al., 2012 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| 25 | Erythrina variegata | Alternaria sp. | Altersolanol Macrosporin 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracene-9,10-dione |
Angiogenesis assays | – | Pompeng et al., 2013 |
| 26 | Tamarix chinensis | Penicillium sp. SXH-65 | Arisugacin B Arisugacin F |
HeLa HL-60 K562 |
24–60 | Sun et al., 2014 IC50 (μM) |
| 27 | Taxus chinensis var. mairei |
Perenniporia tephropora Z41 |
Perenniporin A | HeLa SMMC-7721Panc-1 |
30.44 45.49 44.22 |
Wu et al., 2013 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| 28 | Capsicum annum | Alternaria alternata | Alternariol-10-methyl ether | HL-60 A549 PC-3 |
85 >100 >100 |
Devari et al., 2014 IC50 (μM) |
| HeLa A431 MIA PaCa-2 T47D |
>100 95 >100 >100 |
|||||
| 29 | Ipomoea batatas | Aspergillus glaucus | 2, 14-dihydrox-7-drimen-12, 11-olide | HepG2 MCF7 |
61 41.7 |
Mohamed et al., 2013 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| 30 | Gloriosa superba | Aspergillus sp. | Colchatetralene | THP-1 MCF7 |
30 50 |
Budhiraja et al., 2013 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| 31 | Panax ginseng | Penicillium melinii | Ginsenocin | MKN45 LOVO A549 MDA-MB-435 HepG2 HL-60 |
1.91 2.20 5.03 1.39 2.34 0.49 |
Zheng et al., 2013 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| Penicillic acid | MKN45 LOVO A549 MDA-MB-435 HepG2 HL-60 |
2.85 2.21 7.46 6.28 3.67 0.80 |
||||
| Penicillium janthinellum | Brefeldin A | MKN45 LOVO A549 MDA-MB-435 HepG2 HL-60 |
< 0.001 0.12 0.04 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 |
|||
| 32 | Clidemia hirta | Cryptosporiopsis sp. | (R)-5-hydroxy-2-methylchroman-4-one | HL-60 | 4 | Zilla et al., 2013 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| 33 | Nerium oleander L. | Cochliobolus kusanoi | Oosporein | A549 | 21 | Alurappa et al., 2014 IC50 (μM) |
| 34 | Tripterygium wilfordii | Penicillium sp. HSZ-43 | Penifupyrone Funicone Deoxyfunicone 3-O- Methylfunicone |
KB | 4.7 13.2 22.6 35.3 |
Chen et al., 2014 IC50 (μM) |
| 35 | Salicornia bigelovii Torr | Fusarium equiseti | Diglucotol | MCF7 MDA-MB-231Caco-2 |
97.56 92.35 99.39 |
Wang et al., 2014 EC50 (μM) |
| Cerevisterol | MCF7 MDA-MB-231Caco-2 |
32.4 41.5 37.56 |
||||
| Ergosterol peroxide | MCF7 MDA-MB-231Caco-2 |
64.5 52.4 77.56 |
||||
| 36 | Corylus avellana | Phomopsis amygdale | Pestalotin | HT-29 PC-3 MDA-MB-231 HEK293 |
16.69 20.54 41.7 11.83 |
Akay et al., 2014 IC50 (μg/mL) |
| (S)-4-butoxy-6-((S)-1-hydroxypentyl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one | HT-29 PC-3 MDA-MB-231 HEK293 |
82.18 132.23 24.26 13.84 |
||||
| 37 | Ajuga decumbens Thunb |
Botryotinia fuckeliana A-S-3 |
Phenochalasin B | SMMC-7721 A549 HepG2 MCF7 |
7.43 0.83 2.2 0.1 |
Lin et al., 2015 IC50 (μM) |
| [12]-cytochalasin | SMMC-7721 A549 HepG2 MCF7 |
0.88 0.66 0.62 0.59 |
||||
| 38 | Moringa oleifera | Cladosporium oxysporum | Taxol | HCT15 | 3.5 | Gokul Raj et al., 2015 IC50 (μM) |
| 39 | Xanthium sibiricum | Eupenicillium sp. LG41 | Eupenicinicol C Eupenicinicol D |
THP-1 | – 8 |
Li and Kusari, 2017 IC50 (μM) |
| 40 | Pinellia ternata | Penicillium brefeldianum | 6,7- dehydropaxilline | MDA-MB-231 U2-OS HepG2 |
>50 >50 >50 |
Gao et al., 2017 IC50 (μmol/L) |
| Spirotryprostatin F | MDA-MB-231 U2-OS HepG2 |
35.5 >50 14.1 |
||||
| N-demethyl melearoride A | MDA-MB-231 U2-OS HepG2 |
>50 >50 36.6 |
Among the isolated compounds, only potent compounds are included in the column “isolated compound/s”.
Cell lines: OVCAR-3 (Ovarian cancer), Jurkat (Human T cell leukemia), Jurkat-JR16 (Jurkat cells overexpressing Bcl2), LOVO (Colon cancer), A549 (Lung cancer), MDA-MB-435 (Breast cancer), HepG2 (Liver cancer), HL-60 (Promyelocytic leukemia), KB (Oral cancer), KBv200 (Multidrug resistant cells), MCF7 (Breast cancer), Caco-2 (Colon cancer), PC-3 (Prostate cancer), HeLa (Cervical cancer), A431 (Skin cancer), MDA-MB-231 (Breast cancer), MIA PaCa-2 (Pancreatic cancer), T47D (Breast cancer), HT 29 (Colon cancer), HEK293 (Kidney), SMMC-7721 (Liver cancer), HCT 15 (Colon cancer), THP-1 (Acute monocytic leukemia), U2-OS (Bone cancer), L5178Y (Mouse lymphoma), HEp2 (Cervical cancer), PC-12 (Rat adrenal gland cancer), KV/MDR (Multi-drug resistant oral cancer), SW620 (Colon cancer), 95-D (Lung cancer), Kato-3 (Gastric cancer), CaSki (Cervical cancer), NCI-H460 (Lung cancer), SW1990 (Pancreatic cancer), DU145 (Prostate cancer), BC-1 (Lymphoma), Vero (African green monkey kidney fibroblasts), NCI-H187 (Lung cancer), SF-268 (Brain cancer), HCT 116 (Colon cancer), A2780 (Ovarian cancer), BEL-7404 (Liver cancer), ACHN (Kidney cancer), Panc-1 (Pancreatic cancer), Calu1 (Lung cancer), K562 (Chronic myelogenous leukemia), LO2 (Liver), HCT-8 (Colon cancer), H22 (Mouse liver cancer), U-87 (Brain cancer), BGC-823 (Gastric cancer), U251 (Brain cancer), A-2 (Lung cancer), PC-3M (Metastatic prostate cancer), MDCK (Dog kidney), OVCAR-5 (Ovarian cancer), CV1 (Kidney), MFC (Mouse gastric cancer), SK-OV-3 (Ovarian cancer), SK-MEL-2 (Skin cancer), XF-498 (Brain cancer), P388 (Mouse lymphoma), MKN45 (Gastric cancer), and U937 (Histiocytic lymphoma).