Table 3.
Non-Tobacco Users vs. Cigarette Smokers Regression Results
| Outcome | Units | Geometric Mean (95% CI)
|
Ratio of GMs (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Tobacco Users | Cigarette Smokers | ||||
|
| |||||
| Volatile Organic Compounds | |||||
| Xylene (2-MHA) | μg/g creatinine | 38.3 (32.9, 44.5) | 75.8 (64.5, 89.1) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | <0.001 |
| Xylene(3-MHA & 4-MHA) | μg/g creatinine | 250.9 (221.6, 284.1) | 517.0 (437.1, 611.4) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | <0.001 |
| Acrylamide | μg/g creatinine | 47.3 (42.6, 52.5) | 86.3 (75.5, 98.6) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | <0.001 |
| Toluene | μg/g creatinine | 7.5 (6.5, 8.7) | 6.8 (5.5, 8.3) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.52 |
| Acrylonitrile | μg/g creatinine | 2.4 (2.1, 2.8) | 87.7 (74.2, 103.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | <0.001 |
| 1,3-Butadiene | μg/g creatinine | 281.6 (258.5, 306.7) | 340.7 (311.7, 372.5) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.01 |
| Vinyl Chloride | μg/g creatinine | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | 2.3 (1.9, 2.8) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | <0.001 |
| Propylene Oxide | μg/g creatinine | 35.1 (30.5, 40.4) | 46.5 (39.5, 54.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.02 |
| Acrolein | μg/g creatinine | 291.4 (259.1, 327.8) | 611.4 (543.7, 687.5) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | <0.001 |
| Crotonaldehyde | μg/g creatinine | 526.0 (471.1, 587.3) | 1281.7 (1086.6, 1512.0) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | <0.001 |
| Styrene (Mandelic Acid) | μg/g creatinine | 147.4 (136.1, 159.7) | 207.7 (183.3, 235.3) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | <0.001 |
| Styrene (Phenylglyoxylic Acid) | μg/g creatinine | 192.0 (174.1, 211.7) | 285.6 (252.6, 323.0) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | <0.001 |
|
| |||||
| Nitrosamines | |||||
| Total (t)NNAL | ng/g creatinine | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) | 161.1 (129.2, 200.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | <0.001 |
|
| |||||
| Cyanide | μg/g creatinine | 948.9 (863.2, 1043.0) | 2900.8 (2473.6, 3401.7) | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) | <0.001 |
|
| |||||
| Metals | |||||
| Cobalt | ng/g creatinine | 355.2 (319.4, 395.1) | 299.9 (259.3, 346.8) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.08 |
| Lead | ng/g creatinine | 429.5 (380.8, 484.3) | 544.9 (439.3, 675.7) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.03 |
| Uranium | ng/g creatinine | 6.1 (5.2, 7.1) | 7.7 (6.7, 8.8) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.03 |
|
| |||||
| Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |||||
| 1-hydroxynaphthalene | μg/g creatinine | 1.8 (1.5, 2.1) | 8.6 (6.6, 11.3) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | <0.001 |
| 2-hydroxynaphthalene | μg/g creatinine | 5.2 (4.7, 5.8) | 11.6 (10.2, 13.4) | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) | <0.001 |
| 3-hydroxyfluorene | ng/g creatinine | 93.3 (84.5, 103.1) | 428.6 (372.3, 493.4) | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | <0.001 |
| 2-hydroxyfluorene | ng/g creatinine | 261.9 (238.0, 288.2) | 916.4 (829.5, 1012.3) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | <0.001 |
| 3-hydroxyphenanthrene | ng/g creatinine | 73.1 (63.5, 84.2) | 116.5 (94.8, 143.2) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.005 |
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | ng/g creatinine | 139.0 (126.8, 152.4) | 171.8 (153.5, 192.4) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.01 |
| 2-hydroxyphenanthrene | ng/g creatinine | 73.8 (62.9, 86.5) | 107.6 (86.2, 134.2) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.04 |
| 1-hydroxypyrene | ng/g creatinine | 124.5 (110.7, 139.9) | 198.9 (170.7, 231.8) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | <0.001 |
| 9-hydroxyfluorene | ng/g creatinine | 283.0 (238.3, 336.1) | 569.5 (446.7, 726.2) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.001 |
| 4-phenanthrene | ng/g creatinine | 25.4 (21.5, 29.9) | 34.3 (27.0, 43.6) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.10 |
Geometric Means (GMs) are adjusted for Gender, Age, Income Poverty Ratio, Race, Education, Serum Cotinine (ng/mL), Height (cm), and Weight (kg)
CI = Confidence Interval