Table 4.
Discount vs. Premium Brand Cigarette Smokers Regression Results
| Outcome | Units | Geometric Mean (95% CI)
|
Ratio of GMs (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discount | Premium | ||||
|
| |||||
| Volatile Organic Compounds | |||||
| Xylene (2-MHA) | μg/g creatinine | 135.9 (110.2, 167.5) | 112.7 (98.8, 128.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 0.13 |
| Xylene(3-MHA & 4-MHA) | μg/g creatinine | 1018.7 (850.4, 1220.2) | 805.9 (697.7, 930.9) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.02 |
| Acrylamide | μg/g creatinine | 123.5 (109.3, 139.5) | 126.7 (118.8, 135.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.69 |
| Acrylonitrile | μg/g creatinine | 168.2 (144.5, 195.7) | 144.8 (123.8, 169.2) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.16 |
| 1,3-Butadiene | μg/g creatinine | 417.5 (375.5, 464.2) | 381.4 (360.4, 403.6) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.07 |
| Vinyl Chloride | μg/g creatinine | 2.9 (2.2, 3.8) | 3.2 (2.8, 3.7) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.31 |
| Propylene Oxide | μg/g creatinine | 74.5 (58.2, 95.4) | 68.3 (61.2, 76.1) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.54 |
| Acrolein | μg/g creatinine | 1139.9 (996.3, 1304.1) | 966.0 (846.5, 1102.5) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.08 |
| Crotonaldehyde | μg/g creatinine | 2458.1 (2116.4, 2855.1) | 2115.1 (1833.9, 2439.3) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.10 |
| Styrene (Mandelic Acid) | μg/g creatinine | 312.8 (279.2, 350.4) | 256.0 (231.6, 282.9) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | 0.003 |
| Styrene (Phenylglyoxylic Acid) | μg/g creatinine | 396.3 (346.0, 453.9) | 331.2 (301.9, 363.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.04 |
|
| |||||
| Nitrosamines | |||||
| Total (t)NNAL | ng/g creatinine | 308.5 (261.2, 364.2) | 254.7 (217.5, 298.2) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.04 |
|
| |||||
| Cyanide | μg/g creatinine | 4403.9 (3304.3, 5869.4) | 4570.3 (4045.9, 5162.7) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.83 |
|
| |||||
| Metals | |||||
| Lead | ng/g creatinine | 535.3 (385.6, 743.2) | 514.6 (410.2, 645.6) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.72 |
| Uranium | ng/g creatinine | 9.5 (7.7, 11.9) | 7.2 (6.2, 8.2) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.7) | 0.01 |
|
| |||||
| Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |||||
| 1-hydroxynaphthalene | μg/g creatinine | 14.2 (11.8, 17.0) | 10.6 (9.8, 11.4) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.7) | 0.01 |
| 2-hydroxynaphthalene | μg/g creatinine | 17.9 (15.8, 20.1) | 14.2 (13.0, 15.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 0.004 |
| 3-hydroxyfluorene | ng/g creatinine | 855.9 (764.8, 958.0) | 693.1 (632.6, 759.5) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | 0.01 |
| 2-hydroxyfluorene | ng/g creatinine | 1640.5 (1442.0, 1866.3) | 1315.3 (1199.0, 1442.8) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.02 |
| 3-hydroxyphenanthrene | ng/g creatinine | 198.3 (165.2, 238.0) | 161.6 (145.0, 180.1) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.01 |
| 1-hydroxyphenanthrene | ng/g creatinine | 251.8 (222.7, 284.7) | 209.8 (192.7, 228.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.01 |
| 2-hydroxyphenanthrene | ng/g creatinine | 150.4 (131.7, 171.8) | 125.1 (113.3, 138.1) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 0.03 |
| 1-hydroxypyrene | ng/g creatinine | 305.3 (264.8, 352.0) | 272.4 (242.3, 306.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 0.06 |
| 9-hydroxyfluorene | ng/g creatinine | 952.4 (824.7, 1099.8) | 681.8 (609.3, 763.0) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | <0.001 |
Geometric Means (GMs) are adjusted for Gender, Age, Income Poverty Ratio, Race, Education, Serum Cotinine (ng/mL), Height (cm), Weight (kg), and Rod Length
CI = Confidence Interval