Table 1. Changes in cephalometric variables after orthodontic treatment and retention.

Norm indicates values as per Japanese norms and is presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Pre, Pretreatment; post, post-treatment; ret, post-retention; SNA, sella-nasion-A point; SNB, sella-nasion-B point; ANB, A point-nasion-B point; FMA, Frankfort mandibular plane angle; IMPA, lower incisor mandibular plane angle; U1 to FH, upper incisor-Frankfort plane angle; Interincisal angle, angle between the mandibular and maxillary incisors; Upper lip E-line, distance from the upper lip to the E-line; Lower lip E-line, distance from the lower lip to the E-line.