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. 2018 Apr 26;9:853. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00853

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The RIG-I-like receptors and toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 signaling pathway. After a viral infection, double-strand RNA (dsRNA) in the cytosol is sensed by RIG-I while it is sensed by TLR3 in the endosomes. Through the adaptors MAVS and TRIF, respectively, some E3 ubiquitin ligases TRAFs are recruited and polyubiquitinated. On the K63-linked ubiquitin chains, on the one hand, the IKK complex is activated leading to NF-κB activation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and on the other hand, the IKK-related kinase TBK1 is activated triggering the phosphorylation of IRF3 and IFR7 for the production of type I IFNs.