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. 2018 Apr 18;2018:3753562. doi: 10.1155/2018/3753562

Table 1.

Antioxidant properties and main analysis of studies found citing cashew, cajui, and pequi.

Species, family, and popular name Parts used Antioxidant assay Analysis Dose of the test Country Animal model Number of groups Sex Extract used References
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Leaves FRAP; DPPH; TAC In vitro 1 mg/mL Nigeria Fraction Ajileye et al., 2015 [23]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit DPPH; TAC In vitro ? Brazil Crude Alves et al., 2013 [24]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Cashew nut DPPH; xanthine In vitro
In vivo antioxidant assay (the Saccharomyces cerevisiae model)
100, 200, 500, and 1000 μg/mL Brazil Cashew nut shell liquid [21]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit DPPH; TBARS In vitro
In vivo
200/400 mg/kg Brazil Rats 24 Males Crude [12]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit TPC; BETA CAR/LIN; TBARS In vitro 0.5 mg/mL Sri Lanka Crude [22]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Stem bark DPPH; TPC In vitro
In vivo
40.2, 127, and 402 mg/kg Africa Mice 28 mice
7 groups (n = 4)
Males Crude [25]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Stem bark DPPH; xanthine In vitro ? United States of America Fractions [26]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fibers and fruit ABTS; TPC In vitro 500 mL juice Brazil Crude [27]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit DPPH; BETA CAR/LIN In vitro 20–300 g pulp fruit 1 : 2 water Brazil Crude [28]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit peels DPPH; TSP; ABTS; AOC In vitro 1 g of freeze-dried peel Mexico Crude Moo-Huchin et al., 2015 [13]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit peels Gastric nitrate/nitrite levels; SOD; CAT; TBARS In vivo 30 mg/kg Brazil Mice and rats 8 animals per group Males Anacardic acids [29]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit peels TAC; TPC; ABTS In vitro ? Brazil Crude [30]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Fruit DPPH; ABTS; TPC In vitro 1 g Brazil Crude [31]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Leaves DPPH; TPC; FRP In vitro 0.3 and 1.0 g/50 mL of methanol Malaysia Crude [32]
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Cashew
Nut, fiber, and fruit Xanthine In vitro 10 mg/mL Brazil Fractions [14]
Anacardium microcarpum
Anacardiaceae
Cajui
Stem barks DPPH; TBARS In vitro
In vivo
1–400 μg/mL Brazil Rats ? ? Fractions [15]
Anacardium microcarpum
Anacardiaceae
Cajui
Stem barks TPC; ABTS; SOD; CAT; GST In vitro 1–400 μg/mL,
1, and 10 mg/mL
Brazil Crude/fractions [33]
Caryocar brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Leaves ABTS; human fibroblast culture In vitro 0.2–0.025% w/v Brazil Supercritical CO2 [10]
Caryocar brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Oil DPPH; TAC; BETA CAR/LIN In vitro 0.2 g/L Brazil Oil [34]
Caryocar brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Oil DPPH; TPC; ILP; HCA; TAC In vitro ? Brazil Crude [20]
Caryocar brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Fruits TPC; TBARS In vivo 0.1 g/mL Brazil Mice 10 gr. with 8 anim Both Crude [35]
Caryocar brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Fruits TBARS In vivo 0.5 mL·kg−1 and 1.0 mL·kg−1 Brazil Mice 6 gr. with 8 anim Both Crude [36]
Caryocar brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Fruits DPPH; ABTS; FRAP; BETA CAR/LIN In vitro 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/mL Brazil Crude [37]
Caryocar brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Leaves DPPH In vitro 10.0 mg/mL Brazil. Crude [38]
Caryocar brasiliense
Caryocaracea
Pequi
Oil TPC; TBARS; ORAC; SOD; CAT; GPX In vivo 3 mL/kg Brazil Rats 40 Males Crude [39]

? = not informed; gr = groups; anim = animals; ABTS = 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzotiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; AOC = antioxidant capacity; BETA CAR/LIN = β-carotene-linoleate model system; xanthine = hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase assay; DPPH = radical scavenging assay; FRAP = ferric reducing antioxidant power; FRP = ferric reducing power; ORAC = oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TAC = total anthocyanin content; TPC = total phenolic content; TSP = total soluble phenols; TBARS = thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; HCA = total hydroxycinnamic acid content; ILP = inhibition of lipid peroxidation; SOD = superoxide dismutase; CAT = catalase; GPX = glutathione reductase; GST = glutathione-S-transferase.