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Pre-activated MSC modulation of macrophages. (a) MSCs in transwells were cultured without or with IL-1β or IFN-γ for 1 hour, and then transwells were washed and transferred to macrophage cultures with LPS for 48 hours. (b) Co-culture supernatants were analyzed for TNF-α (grey bars) and PGE2 (black circles/line). Data are the mean ± SEM for secreted level the LPS control for n = 3 (Donors 2–5) or n = 9–19 (Donor 1) replicates.
