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. 2018 May 2;15:131. doi: 10.1186/s12974-018-1175-8

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Urate suppresses proinflammatory cytokine expression in BV2 cells and rat primary microglia. a–d BV2 cells (a, b; n = 4) and primary microglia (c, d; n = 4) were pretreated for 30 min with indicated concentrations of urate followed by LPS for 6 h. IL-1β and TNF-α transcription levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and normalized to that of GAPDH. Untreated cells served as a control (ctr). Data represent the mean ± SD. ^***p < 0.001 vs. control group; ^###p < 0.001 vs. LPS group (one-way analysis of variance)