Figure 6.

Cardiac morphology and functions were altered in offspring of dams exposed to cigarette smoke, nicotine, and bupropion. Cardiac morphology was analyzed in 6-month-old offspring by echocardiography to assess (A) heart rate, (B) cardiac output, (C) stroke volume, (D) left ventricular percent posterior wall thickening, and (E) left ventricular mass. Values are given as means ± standard error of the mean (sem) of 6 rats in each group. Bars with different alphabet superscripts differ significantly (P < .05).