Analysis of all constructs used in this study in the Col-0 wild-type (WT) background. A, Cellulose content. B, Plant height. Data are shown for Col-0 transformed with wild-type CESA genes, single, double, and triple mutant combinations of CESA genes carrying the TED Asp mutants, and single CESA genes containing the DXD or DDX Asp mutants. N refers to the number of individual T1 transformants analyzed. Cellulose content and plant height are expressed as percentages of the wild-type values. The cellulose data for the TED motif are the same as in Figure 1B. Error bars indicate se. Significance levels from univariate ANOVA are indicated for comparison between the genotype and the background mutant (white asterisks inside each bar): ***, significant at 0.001; **, significant at 0.01; and *, significant at 0.05. NA indicates no data available.