Table 4.

Adjusted hazards ratios (HRs) for the risk of developing diabetes during study period relative to ${\log }_2$-per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PDFAS) plasma concentrations in the Diabetes Prevention Program ($n=957$; $n_{\text{events}}=204$).

PFAS (${\log }_2$-scale)	Hazard ratio (HR)
	HR (95% CI)	$p$-Value
PFOS	0.87 (0.74, 1.02)	0.08
n-PFOS	0.87 (0.75, 1.02)	0.08
Sm-PFOS	0.91 (0.78, 1.06)	0.21
Sm2-PFOS	1.00 (0.89, 1.12)	0.95
PFOA	1.06 (0.89, 1.28)	0.50
n-PFOA	1.03 (0.85, 1.24)	0.77
Sb-PFOA	1.11 (1.00, 1.23)	0.04
PFHxS	0.98 (0.86, 1.12)	0.79
Et-PFOSA-AcOH	0.97 (0.88, 1.08)	0.58
Me-PFOSA-AcOH	0.96 (0.84, 1.08)	0.49
PFNA	0.99 (0.87, 1.12)	0.82

Note: Adjusted for participant sex, race/ethnicity, BMI (continuous), age (categorical), marital status (categorical), education (categorical), smoking history (categorical), and treatment assignment (placebo/lifestyle). CI, confidence interval; Et-PFOSA-AcOH, N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid; Me-PFOSA-AcOH, N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid; n-PFOA, linear perfluorooctanoic acid; n-PFOS, linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; Sb-PFOA, sum of perfluoromethylheptanoic and perfluorodimethylhexanoic acids; Sm-PFOS, sum of perfluoromethylheptane sulfonic acid isomers; Sm2-PFOS, sum of perfluorodimethylhexane sulfonic acid isomers.