Table 3.
Treatments targeting noneosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma.
| Nonpharmacological interventions |
| Avoidance from exposure to environmental and occupational pollutants |
| Smoking cessation |
| Dietary supplementation with vitamin D3 |
| ‘Off-label’ use of licensed drugs |
| Macrolides |
| Statins |
| Low-dose theophylline |
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists |
| Novel small molecule drugs |
| Drugs targeting neutrophilic inflammation |
| C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR)2 antagonists |
| 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitors |
| Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors |
| PDE4 inhibitors |
| Dual PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors |
| Protein kinase inhibitors |
| p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors |
| Narrow spectrum kinase inhibitors |
| Tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
| Phosphoinositide 3 (PI3)-kinase inhibitors |
| PI3K-δ inhibitors |
| Dual PI3Kδ/γ inhibitors |
| Biological agents |
| Interleukin (IL)-17A receptor blockers |
| IL-17A blockers |
| Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α receptor blockers |
| IL-1β monoclonal antibody blockers |
| Soluble IL-1 receptor monoclonal antibody blockers |
| IL-6 monoclonal antibody blockers |