Table 1. Maternal and neonatal characteristics for the HI and control groups.
| HI | Controls | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 67 | 113 | |
| Maternal age, years | 30.5 ± 5.4 | 30.1 ± 4.5 | NS |
| BMI before pregnancy, kg/m2 | 23.4 ± 4.2 | 23.7 ± 5.7 | NS |
| Mean Annual Household income, euros | 41172 ± 18358 | 45472 ± 19309 | NS |
| Gestation number | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | NS |
| Tobacco use during pregnancy | 18 (27%) | 27 (24%) | NS |
| Gestational weight gain | 0.001 | ||
| <10 kg | 18 (27%) | 33 (29%) | |
| 10–15 kg | 25 (37%) | 60 (53%) | |
| 15–20 kg | 12 (18%) | 16 (14%) | |
| > 20 kg | 12 (18%) | 4 (4%) | |
| Gestational diabetes | 11 (16%) | 19 (17%) | NS |
| Insulin treatment | 4 (6%) | 8 (7%) | NS |
| Regimen alone | 7 (10%) | 11 (10%) | NS |
| Hypertension | 15 (22%) | 11 (10%) | 0.08 |
| Abnormal fetal heart rate | 35 (52%) | 11 (10%) | <0.001 |
| Cesarean section | 37 (55%) | 28 (25%) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age1, wks | 39.0 (37.0; 40.0) | 39.3 (37.3; 40.3) | NS |
| Gender (M/F) | 43/24 | 55/58 | 0.04 |
| Birth weight, kg | 2.70 ± 0.85 | 2.75 ± 0.63 | NS |
| % of birth weight > 90th perc | 8 | 3 | NS |
| % of birth weight < 10th perc | 50 | 41 | NS |
| 1-minute Apgar score1 | 9 (8; 10) | 9 (8; 10) | NS |
| % of Apgar score < 5 | 10 | 10 | NS |
| % of scalp pH < 7.0 | 7 | 4 | NS |
| 5-minute Apgar score1 | 10 (10; 10) | 10 (10; 10) | NS |
| Plasma blood glucose, mmol/L | 2.1 ± 1.0 | * | |
| Plasma Insulin, IU/L | 12.5 ± 18.4 | * |
Mean ± SD and Student t test. HI: hyperinsulinism–BMI: body mass index–NS: non significant.
1. Median (25th;75th percentile) and Mann Whitney U test.
*Only capillary blood glucose was measured in controls: values were > 50 mg/dL [2.7 mmol/L] between 4 and 72 hours of life or > 60 mg/dL [3.3 mmol/L] thereafter.