Table 1.
Summary of key measures from GAINa
| Quarterly status (calculated at the beginning and end of each quarter) |
| In the community (test–retest κ = .76). Not currently in jail or treatment at the time of treatment. |
| In need of treatment (test–retest κ =.78). A participant in the community who answered yes to any of the following questions: (1) During the past 90 days, have you used alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, or other drugs on 13 or more days? (2) During the past 90 days, have you gotten drunk or been high for most of 1 or more days? (3) During the past 90 days, has your alcohol or drug use caused you not to meet your responsibilities at work/school/home on 1 or more days? (4) During the past month, has your substance use caused you any problems? (5) During the past week, have you had withdrawal symptoms when you tried to stop, cut down, or control your use? (6) Do you feel that you need to return to treatment? These criteria for need are internally consistent (α = .85), and the average person in need endorsed 3.3 of 6 of the items (80% endorsed 2 or more). |
| Status (test–retest κ = .74). Each person was classified into one off our mutually exclusive conditions: (a) in the community and using (in need of treatment), (b) (currently) incarcerated, (c) (currently) in treatment and (d) in recovery (living in the community and not in need of treatment). |
| Severity at the onset of the quarter (based on 90 days before quarter) |
| Substance Frequency Index (SFI; α = .85; test–retest ρ = .94). The GAIN's SFI is a multiple item measure that averages percent of days reported of any AOD use, days of heavy AOD use, days of problems from AOD use, days of alcohol, marijuana, crack/cocaine and heroin/opioid use. |
| Substance Problems Scale (SPS; α =.93; test–retest ρ = .81). Is a count of past month symptoms of substance abuse, dependence, or substance induced disorders and is based on DSM-IV (APA, 1994; 2001). |
| Cognitive variables (asked just before the RMC intervention)a |
| Problem Recognition Scale (PRS; α = .95; test–retest ρ = .76). A TCU scale with nine items on whether the participant recognizes that s/he has a problem resulting from substance use. |
| Problem Orientation Scale (POS; α = .68; test–retest ρ = .35). A modifiedb GAIN scale with five items on whether the participant sees her/his problems as predictable and solvable (an inverse of learned helplessness). |
| Desire for Help Scale (DHS; α = .88; test–retest ρ = .74). A TCU scale with seven items on whether the participant wants help with her/his substance-related problems. |
| Self-Efficacy Scale (SES; α = .78; test–retest ρ = .59). A modifiedb GAIN scale with five items on whether the participant believes s/he could avoid thinking about or using substances in different settings. |
| Motivation (asked just before the RMC intervention)a |
| External Treatment Pressure Scale (ETPS; α = .84; test–retest ρ = .68). A combination of the (modifiedb) GAIN Treatment Motivation Index and the TCU External Pressure Scale with six items that measures different types and sources of external pressure to be in treatment. |
| Internal Motivation Scale (IMS; α = .86; test–retest ρ = .79). A combination of the (modifiedb) GAIN Treatment Motivation Index and the TCU Treatment Readiness index with five items that suggest internal motivation to be in treatment (e.g., believes treatment can help, thinks treatment is needed or last chance, think needs treatment for a month or one or more times). |
| Treatment Resistance Index (TRI; test–retest ρ = .43). A summative index from the GAIN with five items on different issues that would make it more difficult to attend treatment (e.g., other responsibilities, too demanding, doesn't think it will be help, hard to resist use in current environment, friends likely to encourage use). |
| Environment at the onset of the quarter (based on 90 days before quarter) |
| Access Barrier Index (ABI; test–retest ρ = .67). A summative index based on the RMC manual with eight items designed to identify common barriers to treatment (e.g., transportation, childcare, paying for treatment, distance/time to get to treatment, schedule, type of treatment available). |
| Self-Help Group Participation (test–retest ρ = .95). Single item reporting days attending any kind of self-help group meetings related to substance use (e.g., AA, CA, NA, SS, RR) in the 90 days before the quarter. |
| Recovery Environmental Risk Index (test–retest ρ = .75). Is an average of items (divided by their range) for the days (during the past 90 days) of alcohol in the home, drug use in the home, fighting, victimization, being homeless, and structured activities that involved substance use and the inverse (90-answer) percent of days going to self-help meetings, and involvement in structured substance-free activities in the 90 days before the quarter. |
| Condition (pre-assigned) and treatment (during quarter) |
| RMC (vs. control). Random assignment. |
| Amount of treatment (test–retest ρ = .66). Total days received treatment is based on the sum of days an individual received outpatient, intensive outpatient, residential, or inpatient treatment reported at each interview.c |
a
Sums of Likhert items ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
b
Response set modified from yes/no in regular GAIN to above Likhert scale for ERI.
c
Significantly higher after RMC than control (see text).