Table 3.
Studies that present percentages of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder who have the broader autism phenotype
| Author | Instrument (BAP Domain)a | Sample typeb (Country) | Report type | Parent | N | Child ASD status/domain | % of parents with BAP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fombonne et al. (1997) | FHI | Clinic (UK) | Interview | F/M | 160 | ASD | 10.0 |
| Szatmari et al. (2000) | FHI (≥ 1 domain) | Community (Canada) | Interview | F | 681 | ASD | 28.3 |
| FHI (≥2 domain) | F | 681 | ASD | 9.5 | |||
| FHI (≥1 domain) | M | 681 | ASD | 16.7 | |||
| FHI (≥2 domain) | M | 681 | ASD | 4.0 | |||
| FHI (≥1 domain) | F/M | 1362 | ASD | 22.5 | |||
| FHI (≥2 domain) | F/M | 1362 | ASD | 10.4 | |||
| FHI (≥1 domain) | F/M | 1362 | ASD SX | 19.0 | |||
| FHI (≥2 domain) | F/M | 1362 | ASD SX | 5.3 | |||
| FHI (≥1 domain) | F/M | 1362 | ASD MX | 26.4 | |||
| FHI (≥2 domain) | F/M | 1362 | ASD MX | 8.3 | |||
| FHI (≥1 domain) | Informant | F/M | 337 | Non bio relative | 6.8 | ||
| FHI (≥2 domain) | F/M | 337 | Non bio relative | 2.4 | |||
| Pickles et al. (2000) | FHI | Clinic (UK) | Interview | F/M | 92 | ASD | 12.1 |
| F/M | 72 | DS | 9.8 | ||||
| Starr et al. (2001) | FHI | Clinic (UK) | Interview | F/M | 86 | ASD | 15.0 |
| Lainhart et al. (2002) | MPAS-R, PRS | Community (USA) | Clinician | F/M | 18 | ASD w regression | 27.8 |
| F/M | 70 | ASD w no regression | 32.9 | ||||
| Bishop et al. (2004a) | AQ | Community (AUS) | Self | F | 52 | ASD | 36.9 |
| F | 37 | TD | 13.5 | ||||
| M | 69 | ASD | 15.4 | ||||
| M | 52 | TD | 3.5 | ||||
| Bishop et al. (2004b) | AQ | Community (AUS) | Self | F/M | 114 | ASD | 21.3 |
| F/M | 87 | TD | 3.4 | ||||
| Klin et al. (2005)* | FHI | Community (USA) | Interview | F | - | ASD | 21.0 |
| M | - | ASD | 3.0 | ||||
| F/M | 220 | ASD | 12.0 | ||||
| Ghaziuddin et al. (2005) | FHI | Community (USA) | Interview | F/M | 58 | Asperger’s | 29.0 |
| F/M | 39 | HFA | 20.5 | ||||
| Dawson et al. (2007) | BPASS | Community (USA/Canada) | Multi-modal | ||||
| (Expressiveness) | F | 172 | ASD | 16.0 | |||
| (Communication) | F | 172 | ASD | 13.5 | |||
| (Expressiveness) | M | 151 | ASD | 6.0 | |||
| (Communication) | M | 151 | ASD | 5.0 | |||
| FHI | |||||||
| (≥1 BAP domain) | Interview | F/M | 299 | ASD | 50.3 | ||
| (/≥ 2 domain) | 299 | ASD | 11.4 | ||||
| Hurley et al. (2007) | BAPQ | Community (USA) | Multi-modal | F | 35 | ASD | 40.0 |
| M | 43 | ASD | 9.3 | ||||
| F/M | 86 | ASD | 31.4 | ||||
| Self | F/M | 86 | ASD | 25.0 | |||
| Informant | F/M | 86 | ASD | 25.0 | |||
| Losh et al. (2007) | MPAS-R, PRS, (≥2 domain) | Community (USA) | Multi-modal | F/M | 48 | ASD | 50.0 |
| Ruser et al. (2007) | PRS | Community (USA) | Clinician | F/M | 47 | ASD | 15.0 |
| Whitehouse et al. (2007) | AQ | Community (AUS) | Self | F | 10 | ASD | 10.0 |
| M | 20 | ASD | 25.0 | ||||
| Losh et al. (2008) | MPAS-R, PRS (≥ 2 domain) | Community (USA) | Multi-modal | F/M | 78 | SX ASD | 33.0 |
| F/M | 48 | MX ASD | 56.0 | ||||
| F/M | 60 | DS control | 10.0 | ||||
| Losh et al. (2009b) | MPAS-R (Social) | Community (USA) | Multi-modal | F/M | 83 | ASD | 26.5 |
| Whitehouse et al. (2010) | CC-A | Community (AUS) | Informant | F/M | 238 | ASD | 25.6 |
| F/M | 187 | TD | 16.0 | ||||
| Wheelwright et al. (2010) | AQ | Community (UK) | Self | F | 571 | ASD | 33.0 |
| F | 349 | TD | 22.0 | ||||
| M | 1429 | ASD | 23.0 | ||||
| M | 658 | TD | 9.0 | ||||
| Coon et al. b (2010) | SRS-A | Community (USA) | Informant | F/M | 518 | ASD | 12.1 |
| Ingersoll et al. (2011) | AQ | On-line survey (USA) | Self | F/M | 149 | ASD | 10.0 |
| Ruta et al. (2012) | AQ | Clinic (Italy) | Self | F | 115 | ASD | 43.5 |
| F | 150 | TD | 20 | ||||
| M | 130 | ASD | 26.2 | ||||
| M | 150 | TD | 11.3 | ||||
| Seidman et al. (2012) | BAPQ | Community (Israel) | Multi-modal | F | 38 | ASD | 2.6 |
| Self | F | 38 | ASD | 10.5 | |||
| Informant | F | 38 | ASD | 7.9 | |||
| Multi-modal | M | 38 | ASD | 13.1 | |||
| Self | M | 38 | ASD | 21.0 | |||
| Informant | M | 38 | ASD | 15.8 | |||
| Mohammadi et al. (2012) | AQ | Clinic (Iran) | Self | F | 96 | ASD | 50.0 |
| F | 96 | TD | 11.0 | ||||
| M | 96 | ASD | 37.0 | ||||
| M | 96 | TD | 11.8 | ||||
| Levin-Decanini et al. (2013) | BAPQ | Community (USA) | Self | F | 115 | ASD w no SSRI use | 17.4 |
| F | 4 | ASD w SSRI use | 20.0 | ||||
| M | 136 | ASD w no SSRI use | 11.8 | ||||
| M | 19 | ASD w SSRI use | 36.8 | ||||
| Taylor et al. (2013) | AQ | Community (AUS) | Self | F | 82 | ASD | 26.8 |
| M | 82 | ASD | 25.6 | ||||
| Berthoz et al. (2013) | AQ | Community (France) | Self | F/M | 87 | ASD | 13.8 |
| F/M | 47 | TD | 8.2 | ||||
| Maxwell et al. (2013) | BAPQ | Community (USA) | Multi-modal | F | 245 | ASD | 21.0 |
| F | 129 | TD | 7.0 | ||||
| M | 245 | ASD | 10.0 | ||||
| M | 129 | TD | 1.0 | ||||
| F/M | 490 | ASD | 26.0 | ||||
| F/M | 258 | TD | 8.0 | ||||
| Sasson et al. (2013a) | BAPQ | Community (USA) | Multi-modal | F | 359 | ASD | 19.0 |
| F | 490 | TD | 8.9 | ||||
| M | 352 | ASD | 23.2 | ||||
| M | 491 | TD | 8.1 | ||||
| Sasson et al. (2013b) | BAPQ | Community (USA) | Multi-modal | F/M | 711 | ASD | 36.0 |
| F/M | 981 | TD | 14.1 | ||||
| Gerdts et al. (2013) | BPASS (social domain) | Community (USA) | Multi-modal | F | 71 | MX ASD | 66.0 |
| F | 40 | SX ASD | 33.0 | ||||
| M | 84 | MX ASD | 44.0 | ||||
| M | 41 | SX ASD | 32.0 | ||||
| Sasson et al. (2014) | BAPQ | Community (USA) | Informant | F | 222 | ASD | 17.6 |
| Self | F | 222 | ASD | 9.5 | |||
| Informant | M | 222 | ASD | 19.8 | |||
| Self | M | 222 | ASD | 20.3 | |||
| Davidson et al. (2014) | BAPQ | Community (USA) | Multi-modal | F | 1582 | ASD | 14.5 |
| M | 1596 | ASD | 8.5 | ||||
| F/M | 3178 | ASD | 11.5 | ||||
| SRS-A | Informant | F | 1647 | ASD | 7.3 | ||
| M | 1652 | ASD | 5.3 | ||||
| F/M | 3299 | ASD | 6.3 | ||||
| Lyall et al. (2014) | SRS-A | Community (USA) | Informant | F/M | 2365 | ASD | 27.5 |
| F/M | 482 | TD | 14.7 | ||||
| F | 1372 | ASD | 32.6 | ||||
| F | 242 | TD | 18.1 | ||||
| M | 993 | ASD | 22.5 | ||||
| M | 240 | TD | 20.0 | ||||
| Shi et al. (2015) | BAPQ | Community (China) | Multi-modal | F | 299 | ASD | 13.0 |
| Self | F | 299 | ASD | 9.0 | |||
| Informant | F | 299 | ASD | 11.0 | |||
| Multi-modal | F | 299 | TD | 2.9 | |||
| Self | F | 299 | TD | 3.6 | |||
| Informant | F | 299 | TD | 4.7 | |||
| Multi-modal | M | 274 | ASD | 30.8 | |||
| Self | M | 274 | ASD | 29.1 | |||
| Informant | M | 274 | ASD | 21.4 | |||
| Multi-modal | M | 274 | TD | 20.8 | |||
| Self | M | 274 | TD | 17.5 | |||
| Informant | M | 274 | TD | 10.2 | |||
| de Jonge et al. (2015) | FHI-I | Community (NL) | Informant | F | 26 | MX ASD | 80.0 |
| FHI-S | Interview | F | 26 | MX ASD | 73.0 | ||
| IOI | Multi-modal | F | 26 | MX ASD | 55.0 | ||
| FHI-I | Informant | F | 29 | DS | 7.0 | ||
| FHI-S | Self | F | 29 | DS | 28.0 | ||
| IOI | Multi-modal | F | 29 | DS | 28.0 | ||
| FHI-I | Informant | M | 27 | MX ASD | 48.0 | ||
| FHI-S | Self | M | 27 | MX ASD | 52.0 | ||
| IOI | Multi-modal | M | 27 | MX ASD | 52.0 | ||
| FHI-I | Informant | M | 30 | DS | 6.0 | ||
| FHI-S | Self | M | 30 | DS | 3.0 | ||
| IOI | Multi-modal | M | 30 | DS | 3.0 | ||
| Duvekot et al. (2016) | SRS-A | Clinic (NL) | Self | F | 224 | ASD | 37.4 |
| Informant | F | 224 | ASD | 38.4 | |||
| Self | M | 182 | ASD | 33.7 | |||
| Informant | M | 182 | ASD | 29.0 | |||
| Yucel et al. (2015) | BAPQ | Clinic (USA) | Multi-modal | F | 20 | ASD | 40.0 |
| M | 20 | ASD | 35.0 | ||||
| F/M | 40 | ASD | 37.5 | ||||
| Parr et al. (2015b) | FHI-S | Community (UK) | Interview | M | 18 | ASD | 35.7 |
| Page et al. (2016) | SRS-A | Community (USA) | Informant | F/M | 140 | ASD | 15.0 |
| F/M | 125 | TD | 4.0 | ||||
| Bora et al. (2017) | AQ | Community (Turkey) | Self | F | 314 | ASD | 25.2 |
| F | 69 | TD | 8.1 | ||||
| M | 359 | ASD | 17.8 | ||||
| M | 77 | TD | 5.8 | ||||
| F/M | 673 | ASD | 21.5 | ||||
| F/M | 107 | TD | 7.5 |
a
Some studies used specific instrument domains or number of domains to measure BAP
b
Clinic sampling is study recruitment through convenience sampling or referral from service provides of children with developmental disabilities, community sampling is recruitment through other population based resources (e.g. online surveys, mailers, registries)
c
Includes pedigrees
DS Down Syndrome
MX Multiplex, SX Simplex, TD typically developing, F Father, M Mother, F/M Either parent AQ Autism Quotient, BAPQ Broader Autism Phenotype Questionnaire, BPASS Broader Phenotype Autism Screening Scale, FHI Family History Interview, FHI-S Family History Interview Self, IOI Impression of Interviewer, FHI-I Family History Interview-Informant, MPAS-R Modified Personality Assessment-Revised, SRS-A Social Responsiveness Scale Adult, CC-A Communication Checklist-Adult Clinic samples are convenience samples hospitals and other medical centers
Community samples include recruiting through ASD registries, schools, community organizations
Multi-modal indicates more than one data