Table 5.

Detection of illicit drugs in body fluids by SERS technique.

Type of analyte	Category	Type of substrate	LOD (ng/mL)	MRPLd (ng/mL)	Ref.
APa	Stimulant	Au-doped sol-gel	1000	500	[147]
Diazepam	Depressant	Au-doped sol-gel	1000		[147]
Methadone	Narcotics	Au-doped sol-gel	1000	50	[147]
PCPb	Hallucinogen	Au-doped sol-gel	1000		[147]
Cocaine	Stimulant	Au and Ag sol-gels	50	100	[148]
MAc	Stimulant	Ag NPs in suspension	1.49	500	[149]
Benzoylecgonine	Stimulant	Fe3O4 dotted with Au	29	500	[150]
Cotinine	Stimulant	Fe3O4 dotted with Au	8.8	100	[150]
MA/APd	Stimulant	Ag nanorods	50	500	[151]
MDMA	Stimulant	Au nanorods	100	500	[152]

^aAmphetamine.

^b1(1phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine.

^cMethamphetamine.

^dWADA general Minimum Required Performance Limit (MRPL) values.