Table 6.

Detection of some banned doping agents in sports by SERS assay using noble metal NPs.

Type of analyte	Category	Type of substrate	LOD (ng/mL)	MRPLi (ng/mL)	Ref.
CB	Beta-2 agonist	Au colloid	35	0.2	[153]
SB	Beta-2 agonist	Au colloid	765	20	[153]
TB	Beta-2 agonist	Au colloid	55	20	[153]
PB	Diuretic and masking agent	Ag NPs	1.2 × 103	200	[157]
AGI	Hormone and metabolic modulator	Au NPs	85	20	[159]
AGI	Hormone and metabolic modulator	Au NPsc	85	20	[162]
		Ag NPsd	5.1
		Ag NPse	0.13
17 β-Estradiol (E2)	Anabolic agent	Au NPsf	0.65 × 10−3	2	[164]
rHuEPOa	Peptide hormone, growth factor,	Magnetic core Au NPs (Au@ iron oxide core shell)	10−3h	2	[165]
hCGb	Glycoprotein hormone	Ag NPs	0.05–20	0.05	[166]
Propranolol	Beta-blocker	Ag NPs	2.36	100	[167]
PB	Diuretic and masking agent	Ag NPsg	51.3	200	[163]

^aRecombinant human erythropoietin.

^bHuman chorionic gonadotropin (banned in men only).

^cSpherical shape with 20 nm in diameter.

^dSpherical shape with 50 nm in diameter.

^eTriangular shape.

^f36.7 ± 5.5 nm.

^gStar-shaped.

^hNano molar (nM).

ⁱWADA general Minimum Required Performance Limit (MRPL) values.