Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Variable | Total population (n = 120) |
|---|---|
| Demographics | |
| Age, years | 66.0 ± 10.5 |
| Male | 98 (81%) |
| Active smoker | 29 (24%) |
| Duration of heart failure, years | 2.7 (0.6–7.0) |
| Heart failure aetiology | |
| Ischaemic | 80 (66%) |
| Non‐ischaemic | 40 (33%) |
| Physical features | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 120 ± 20 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 65 ± 11 |
| Weight, kg | 82.5 ± 14.0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.9 ± 9.0 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 69 ± 15 |
| Peripheral oedema (>Grade 1) | 16 (13%) |
| Co‐morbidities | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 51 (42%) |
| Anaemia | 28 (23%) |
| COPD | 12 (10%) |
| Hypertension | 56 (46%) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 56 (46%) |
| Diabetes | 29 (24%) |
| History valve surgery | 37 (31%) |
| Laboratory analysis | |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 138.6 ± 3.4 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.5 ± 0.5 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.9 ± 1.6 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.28 ± 0.4 |
| NYHA class | |
| Class II | 76 (62.5%) |
| Class III | 43 (35.5%) |
| Class IV | 1 (0.8%) |
| Electrocardiogram feature | |
| QRS duration, ms | 129 ± 33 |
| PR duration, ms | 172 ± 44 |
| Echocardiography | |
| LVEF, % | 26 ± 6 |
| LVESV, mL | 161 ± 53 |
| LVEDV, mL | 218 ± 69 |
| Guideline directed heart failure therapy | |
| ACE‐I | 98 (82%) |
| ARB | 22 (18%) |
| Beta‐blocker | 115 (95%) |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 99 (82%) |
| Loop diuretic | 72 (60%) |
| CRT | 52 (43%) |
| ICD | 67 (55%) |
ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVEDV, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV, left ventricular end‐systolic volume; NYHA, New York Heart Association.