Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the 29 non‐obese type 2 diabetes patients
| Total | Non‐fatty liver | Fatty liver | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 29 | 22 | 7 | – |
| Age (years) | 55.1 ± 6.9 | 53.8 ± 6.4 | 59.3 ± 7.0 | 0.06 |
| Sex (male/female) | 24/5 | 19/3 | 5/2 | 0.36 |
| Duration (years) | 5.5 ± 3.0 | 5.4 ± 2.9 | 5.9 ± 3.7 | 0.71 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.7 ± 2.2 | 21.2 ± 2.1 | 23.5 ± 1.4 | <0.05a |
| Total body fat content (%) | 16.2 ± 5.2 | 16.1 ± 5.2 | 16.6 ± 5.5 | 0.81 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 113.4 ± 14.4 | 111.8 ± 15.0 | 118.4 ± 11.6 | 0.29 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.6 ± 7.6 | 71.6 ± 7.6 | 75.9 ± 6.9 | 0.20 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.4 ± 7.2 | 79.0 ± 7.2 | 84.6 ± 5.5 | 0.07 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 5.3 ± 6.6 | 5.5 ± 7.0 | 4.8 ± 5.8 | 0.82 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 21.4 ± 7.2 | 20.3 ± 6.4 | 25.1 ± 8.9 | 0.12 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 20.7 ± 9.9 | 18.8 ± 6.6 | 26.9 ± 15.8 | 0.06 |
| γ‐Glutamyl transferase (IU/L) | 25.0 (19.0–34.0) | 24.0 (19.0–27.8) | 50.0 (22.5–55.5) | 0.10 |
| Platelet (104/μL) | 22.3 ± 5.5 | 22.2 ± 5.5 | 22.7 ± 6.1 | 0.84 |
| Type IV collagen (ng/mL) | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.36 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 111.9 ± 83.8 | 107.1 ± 58.5 | 127.0 ± 143.1 | 0.60 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 130 ± 21 | 130 ± 21 | 130 ± 22 | 0.99 |
| Fasting serum insulin (μU/mL) | 2.8 (1.9–5.0) | 2.3 (1.7–3.8) | 5.1 (3.8–6.8) | <0.05a |
| HOMA‐IR | 0.8 (0.6–1.7) | 0.7 (0.5–1.4) | 1.9 (1.1–2.4) | <0.05a |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.5 | 0.75 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 128.6 ± 19.7 | 124.5 ± 20.0 | 141.1 ± 13.2 | <0.05a |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 55.9 ± 15.6 | 59.0 ± 16.1 | 46.1 ± 8.5 | 0.05 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 110.9 ± 48.6 | 110.1 ± 52.0 | 113.1 ± 39.3 | 0.89 |
| Basal EGP (mg/m2 per min) | 80.2 ± 9.7 | 80.8 ± 9.8 | 78.2 ± 9.8 | 0.54 |
| % Suppression of EGP (%) | 87.1 ± 8.6 | 87.9 ± 7.5 | 84.3 ± 11.9 | 0.34 |
| Rd (mg/FFM kg per min) | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 5.3 ± 2.1 | <0.05a |
| Free fatty acid (μEq/L) | 573 ± 156 | 539 ± 160 | 681 ± 76 | <0.05a |
| HMW‐adiponectin (μg/mL) | 1.5 (0.7–2.2) | 1.9 (1.0–2.4) | 0.6 (0.3–0.8) | <0.01a |
| C‐reactive protein (ng/mL) | 211 (132–769) | 180 (131–309) | 1120 (525–7240) | <0.01a |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 82.0 ± 31.1 | 77.0 ± 33.0 | 97.0 ± 19.0 | 0.14 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 93.3 ± 41.7 | 81.0 ± 32.4 | 130.6 ± 46.6 | <0.01a |
| Intrahepatic lipid (%) | 1.5 (0.3–3.7) | 1.2 (0.04–2.2) | 10.3 (7.8–11.6) | <0.01a |
| IMCL in tibialis anterior muscle (S‐fat/Cre) | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 0.36 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation or median (range 25–75%), or number of participants.
P‐values are for comparisons of non‐fatty liver group versus the fatty liver group.
a
Statistically significant.
BMI, body mass index; Cre, creatine; EGP, endogenous glucose production; FFM, fat‐free mass; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HMW, high molecular weight; IMCL, intramyocellular lipid; Rd, rate of glucose disposal; S‐fat, methylene signal intensity.