Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in study groups
| Item | NC group (n = 53) | NA group (n = 92) | MA group (n = 87) | LA group (n = 51) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (SD) | 58.26 ± 9.50 | 55.19 ± 12.58 | 58.28 ± 11.68 | 58.40 ± 11.78 |
| Sex (male/female) | 26/27 | 53/39 | 45/42 | 29/22 |
| Duration, years (SD) | 0.00 | 4.60 (0.1–23)* | 11.30 (4–25)* | 14.70 (5–40)* |
| BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 22.00 ± 1.41 | 25.86 ± 2.41* | 25.29 ± 2.34* | 23.39 ± 2.74‡ , † |
| WHR (SD) | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 1.02 ± 0.10* | 0.98 ± 0.12* , † | 0.94 ± 0.06* , ‡ |
| SBP, mmHg (SD) | 120.80 ± 5.60 | 128.20 ± 8.20 | 126.40 ± 12.30 | 120.30 ± 8.20 |
| FBG, mmol/L (SD) | 5.20 ± 0.90 | 8.70 ± 1.30* | 9.60 ± 2.40* | 6.20 ± 0.80* , ‡ , † |
| HbA1c, % (SD) | 5.37 ± 0.09 | 8.61 ± 0.23* | 8.71 ± 0.26* | 6.31 ± 0.40* |
| BUN, mmol/L (SD) | 4.48 ± 0.17 | 5.27 ± 0.16* | 4.83 ± 0.20 | 7.48 ± 0.56* , † , ‡ |
| sCr, umol/L (SD) | 56.73 ± 2.99 | 62.29 ± 2.12 | 64.59 ± 2.04 | 83.24 ± 4.96* , † , ‡ |
| UA, umol/L (SD) | 298.07 ± 6.69 | 302.90 ± 89.06 | 321.86 ± 11.43 | 320.49 ± 22.24 |
| TG, mmol/L (SD) | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 1.77 ± 0.14* | 2.35 ± 0.22* , † | 1.87 ± 0.21* |
| TC, mmol/L (SD) | 4.39 ± 0.13 | 4.95 ± 0.13* | 4.91 ± 0.16* | 4.49 ± 0.28 |
| HDL‐c, mmol/L (SD) | 1.37 ± 0.03 | 1.19 ± 0.05 | 1.35 ± 0.18 | 1.07 ± 0.03 |
| LDL‐c, mmol/L (SD) | 2.90 ± 0.09 | 3.03 ± 0.11 | 3.10 ± 0.12 | 2.85 ± 0.23 |
| FINS, mIU/L (SD) | 6.19 ± 0.20 | 10.75 ± 1.11* | 12.99 ± 0.96* | 15.60 ± 1.57* , † |
| HOMA‐IS (SD) | 1.29 ± 0.04 | 1.30 ± 0.16 | 1.45 ± 0.12 | 1.86 ± 0.18* , † , ‡ |
| HOMA‐β (SD) | 100.93 ± 5.00 | 48.47 ± 7.61* | 49.56 ± 4.60* | 71.89 ± 9.68* , † , ‡ |
| HOMA‐IR (SD) | 1.32 ± 0.56 | 4.20 ± 0.47* | 5.41 ± 0.50* | 6.54 ± 0.88* , † |
| ACR, mg/mmol (SD) | 1.50 ± 0.09 | 1.30 ± 0.07 | 8.48 ± 1.83* | 12.19 ± 2.29* |
| eGFR, mL/min × 1.73 m2 (SD) | 120.80 ± 12.99 | 105.64 ± 23.67** | 97.74 ± 24.15** , † | 77.40 ± 18.38** , † , ‡‡ |
| DR | 0 | 30 (32.6%) | 41 (47.1%) | 32 (62.7%) |
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, vs normal control (NC) group; † P < 0.05, †† P < 0.01, vs normal albuminuria (NA) group; ‡ P < 0.05, ‡‡ P < 0.01, vs microalbuminuria (MA) group. ACR, albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DR, diabetic retinopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐c, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐β, homeostatic model assessment of β‐cell function; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA‐IS, homeostatic model assessment of insulin secretion; LA, large amount of albuminuria group; LDL‐c, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; sCr, serum creatinine; SD, standard deviation; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid; WHR, waist‐to‐hip ratio.