. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Obes. 2017 Nov 3;13(6):348–356. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12248

Table 3.

Associations between Adipokines in Cord Blood and Infant Growth from Birth to 6 Months with and Without Adjustment for Birthweight

Associations between Adipokines and Infant Growth with Adjustment for Birthweight
	Males + Females^a		Males^a		Females^a
	Weight Change		Weight Change		Weight Change
Adipokines	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	p_interaction
HMW Adiponectin (ug/ml)	0.01	−0.25, 0.27	−0.07	−0.41, 0.27	0.53	0.08, 0.98	0.20
Leptin (ng/ml)	0.21	−0.03, 0.45	0.11	−0.22, 0.44	0.62	0.09, 1.15	0.03
L/A Ratio	0.18	−0.04, 0.41	0.11	−0.18, 0.39	0.42	−0.12, 0.97	0.09

	Males + Females^a		Males^a		Females^a
	z-score Change		z-score Change		z-score Change
Adipokines	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	p_interaction
HMW Adiponectin (ug/ml)	0.04	−0.26, 0.33	−0.07	−0.42, 0.30	0.61	0.06, 1.17	0.22
Leptin (ng/ml)	0.25	−0.02, 0.53	0.09	−0.26, 0.44	0.74	0.09, 1.39	0.02
L/A Ratio	0.22	−0.04, 0.47	0.10	−0.20, 0.41	0.52	−0.13, 1.18	0.07

Associations between Adipokines and Infant Growth Without Adjustment for Birthweight
	Males + Females		Males		Females
	Weight Change		Weight Change		Weight Change
Adipokines	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	p_interaction
HMW Adiponectin (ug/ml)	0.08	−0.16, 0.31	−0.05	−0.37, 0.27	0.55	0.20, 0.89	0.07
Leptin (ng/ml)	0.24	0.01, 0.45	0.04	−0.24, 0.31	0.71	0.31, 1.11	0.004
L/A Ratio	0.19	−0.02, 0.40	0.05	−0.20, 0.31	0.53	0.10, 0.96	0.03

	Males + Females		Males		Females
	z-score Change		z-score Change		z-score Change
Adipokines	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	p_interaction
HMW Adiponectin (ug/ml)	0.13	−0.16, 0.42	0.01	−0.36, 0.38	0.63	0.16, 1.09	0.16
Leptin (ng/ml)	0.34	0.07, 0.61	0.11	−0.20, 0.42	0.91	0.39, 1.43	0.01
L/A Ratio	0.26	0.004, 0.52	0.09	−0.20, 0.38	0.71	0.15, 1.26	0.02

Estimated effects (β) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) are shown for a 1-SD increase in adipokines. Weight change was defined as the difference in weight between birth and 6 months (kg). The sex-specific weight-for-age z-score calculated based on CDC 2000 growth chart. Models were adjusted for maternal age, gestational age, race/ethnicity, sex (where appropriate), parity, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, and

birthweight as indicated. P_interaction tests effect modification of sex. Sample sizes for males/females were HMW adiponectin (n=23/23), leptin (n=22/23), and leptin / HMW adiponectin (L/A) ratio (n=22/23).