Table 1.
Study population characteristics by levels of liver enzymes and Pediatric NAFLD Fibrosis Index
| ALT* | AST | GGT | PNFI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| ≤25 U/L (N=1,146) |
>25 U/L (N=171) |
<37 U/L (N=1,266) |
≥37 U/L (N=51) |
<17 U/L (N=1,042) |
≥17 U/L (N=275) |
<9 (N=1,149) |
≥9 (N=168) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Weighted Mean (SE) or % |
Weighted Mean or % (SE) |
Weighted Mean or % (SE) |
Weighted Mean or % (SE) |
Weighted Mean or % (SE) |
Weighted Mean or % (SE) |
Weighted Mean or % (SE) |
Weighted Mean or % (SE) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Age, years | 12.2 (0.1) | 11.9 (0.3) | 12.2 (0.1) | 11.5 (0.4) | 12.0 (0.1) | 13.0 (0.2) | 12.2 (0.1) | 12.2 (0.2) |
| Male | 50.0% | 62.0% | 50.7% | 72.7% | 48.1% | 64.6% | 51.1% | 54.7% |
| Household income | ||||||||
| ≤$20, 000 | 53.7% | 46.4% | 53.1% | 41.9% | 52.0% | 55.4% | 51.6% | 61.9% |
| $21,000–$40,000 | 31.3% | 36.3% | 31.4% | 46.7% | 32.8% | 28.7% | 33.5% | 19.7% |
| >$40,000 | 15.0% | 17.3% | 15.5% | 11.5% | 15.2% | 15.9% | 14.9% | 18.3% |
| Parental education | ||||||||
| <High school | 37.3% | 42.1% | 37.6% | 46.5% | 36.9% | 41.7% | 37.5% | 41.3% |
| High school | 29.8% | 28.9% | 29.7% | 27.2% | 30.0% | 28.2% | 29.3% | 32.4% |
| >High school | 32.9% | 29.0% | 32.7% | 26.3% | 33.0% | 30.2% | 33.2% | 26.2% |
| Alcohol use in the past 30 days | 5.3% | 3.9% | 5.1% | 5.2% | 4.6% | 7.0% | 4.7% | 8.7% |
| Waist circumference ≥90th percentile | 9.8% | 31.0% | 11.7% | 35.2% | 8.0% | 30.0% | 3.5% | 82.8% |
| BMI category | ||||||||
| Under/Normal weight | 58.0% | 26.9% | 55.0% | 26.8% | 60.3% | 30.0% | 60.9% | 0.4% |
| Overweight | 20.4% | 14.8% | 20.1% | 6.4% | 20.2% | 17.7% | 22.0% | 1.8% |
| Obese | 21.6% | 58.3% | 24.8% | 66.8% | 19.6% | 52.3% | 17.1% | 97.8% |
| Moderate/vigorous activity, minutes per day | 36.2 (1.1) | 31.1 (2.2) | 35.6 (1.0) | 33.6 (3.8) | 36.5 (1.1) | 31.9 (1.8) | 36.7 (1.0) | 27.0 (2.3) |
| Pubertal | 59.7% | 45.0% | 58.3% | 45.1% | 56.2% | 64.3% | 58.0% | 56.9% |
| Systolic BP ≥90th percentile | 4.1% | 4.1% | 4.0% | 8.6% | 3.8% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 3.4% |
| Diastolic BP ≥90th percentile | 2.5% | 2.0% | 2.3% | 5.9% | 2.1% | 3.7% | 2.4% | 2.8% |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 153 (1.1) | 159 (2.7) | 154 (1.1) | 155 (4.3) | 153 (1.2) | 158 (2.5) | 153 (1.1) | 166 (3.0) |
| LDL-c, mg/dL | 86 (1.0) | 90 (2.3) | 87 (0.9) | 88 (3.8) | 86 (1.0) | 91 (2.0) | 85 (0.9) | 97 (2.6) |
| HDL-c, mg/dL | 53 (0.5) | 49 (1.1) | 52 (0.4) | 47 (1.9) | 53 (0.5) | 48 (0.8) | 53 (0.5) | 42 (0.8) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL† | 66 (49–91) | 89 (59–126) | 67 (50–93) | 100 (74–116) | 65 (48–89) | 83 (57–129) | 64 (47–86) | 124 (90–171) |
| hs-CRP, mg/L† | 0.4 (0.2–1.0) | 0.9 (0.3–2.5) | 0.4 (0.2–1.1) | 1.4 (0.6–2.9) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 1.1 (0.4–2.5) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 2.1 (1.0–4.1) |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL | 8060 (162) | 6640 (484) | 7935 (160) | 6283 (573) | 8308 (184) | 6215 (231) | 8211 (163) | 5281 (222) |
| PAI-1, ng/mL† | 1.8 (1.1–3.1) | 3.7 (1.9–5.7) | 1.9 (1.2–3.3) | 4.2 (1.9–6.0) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) | 3.1 (1.5–4.7) | 1.7 (1.1–3.0) | 3.9 (2.8–6.3) |
| e-selectin, ng/mL | 47.7 (0.8) | 65.2 (2.6) | 49.2 (0.8) | 70.0 (5.4) | 48.4 (0.8) | 55.8 (1.9) | 48.1 (0.8) | 64.2 (2.9) |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 91.7 (0.3) | 91.8 (0.6) | 91.6 (0.3) | 93.6 (1.0) | 91.7 (0.3) | 91.9 (0.5) | 91.6 (0.3) | 92.8 (0.7) |
| Fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL | 10.5% | 6.4% | 9.9% | 12.5% | 10.0% | 9.9% | 9.3% | 15.8% |
| HbA1c, % | 5.2 (0.01) | 5.3 (0.02) | 5.2 (0.01) | 5.3 (0.06) | 5.2 (0.01) | 5.3 (0.03) | 5.2 (0.01) | 5.3 (0.03) |
| HbA1c ≥5.7% | 8.0% | 6.8% | 8.0% | 4.2% | 6.9% | 11.5% | 7.4% | 11.0% |
| HOMA-IR ≥2.6 | 49.5% | 74.0% | 51.8% | 75.7% | 47.7% | 71.8% | 47.2% | 95.0% |
| HOMA-IR† | 2.6 (1.7–3.9) | 4.4 (2.5–6.8) | 2.7 (1.7–4.1) | 4.7 (2.6–7.4) | 2.5 (1.7–3.8) | 4.3 (2.3–6.7) | 2.5 (1.7–3.7) | 6.3 (4.6–8.6) |
Bolded values indicate p<0.05 for comparison of characteristics in persons with normal versus elevated liver enzymes or PNFI. P-values were calculated using Wald tests.
*
ALT cut-points for boys were ≤25 U/L versus >25 U/L. For girls, cut-points were ≤22 U/L versus >22 U/L.
†
Weighted medians (25th–75th percentiles) are presented, since distributions of these variables were skewed.