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. 2018 May 3;8:6970. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25287-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) A schematic of the custom-built automatic spectroscopic goniophotometry setup defining the viewing angle (θ) and the solid angle of collection (Ω). (b) A schematic of the LEC device structure and the positioning of the collimating lens (CL). The FWHM spread in the viewing angle, based on the half-intensity width of the LEC, w_LEC-HI, is Δθ ≡ δθ₁ + δθ₂. Note that the dimensions are not drawn to scale. (c) The temporal evolution of the operating voltage for LEC devices with different active-layer thickness (d_AL, as specified in the inset) during galvanostatic driving at a current density of 250 A/m². (d) The corresponding temporal evolution of the forward luminance, as collected within a small solid angle of 0.007 sr.