Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and plasma biomarker levels of all study participants in individual diagnostic groups.
| Controls (n = 35) | PD (n = 102) | DLB (n = 6) | MSA (n = 22) | PSP (n = 6) | CBD (n = 3) | FTD-P (n = 6) | FTD without P (n = 25) | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All PD (n = 102) | PD-NC (n = 37) | PD-MCI (n = 29) | PDD (n = 36) | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 62.6 ± 9.7 | 67.25 ± 10.9 | 62.0 ± 10.5 | 66.5 ± 11.2 | 75.6 ± 9.1 | 63.0 ± 2.6 | 65.8 ± 7.4 | 66.7 ± 4.7 | 62.0 ± 11.3 | 58.0 ± 5.2 | 59.3 ± 7.5 | <0.01** |
| Gender (male, %) | 40.0 | 52.3 | 49.7 | 56.8 | 51.7 | 66.7 | 53.3 | 50.0 | 52.3 | 49.8 | 51.2 | 0.18 |
| Disease duration (year) | N.A. | 7.8 ± 5.2 | 4.6 ± 2.3 | 8.1 ± 6.3 | 9.2 ± 7.3 | 4.3 ± 2.5 | 5.2 ± 3.1 | 5.2 ± 2.0 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 4.1 ± 2.8 | 3.2 ± 2.1 | 0.03* |
| MMSE | 29.2 ± 0.8 | 25.7 ± 1.9 | 28.7 ± 0.9 | 25.3 ± 1.8 | 17.8 ± 5.4 | 26.3 ± 2.1 | 27.3 ± 1.2 | 25.3 ± 1.9 | 27.3 ± 2.1 | 19.4 ± 1.2 | 18.3 ± 2.1 | <0.01** |
| Hoehn–Yahr stage (on) | N.A. | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 2.1 | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 2.9 ± 1.3 | N.A. | <0.01** |
| Hoehn–Yahr stage (off) | N.A. | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 4.8 ± 2.4 | 4.3 ± 2.1 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | N.A. | <0.01** |
| UPDRS part III scores (on) | N.A. | 17.3 ± 8.9 | 16.4 ± 9.8 | 16.2 ± 7.6 | 18.2 ± 9.8 | 13.2 ± 8.6 | 25.1 ± 10.2 | 34.2 ± 9.8 | 23.2 ± 10.3 | 20.2 ± 8.7 | N.A. | <0.01** |
| UPDRS part III scores (off) | N.A. | 27.6 ± 11.2 | 25.8 ± 10.2 | 25.1 ± 10.6 | 33.6 ± 12.6 | 22.0 ± 9.8 | 32.6 ± 10.1 | 36.8 ± 12.1 | 33.6 ± 12.6 | 29.6 ± 10.3 | N.A. | <0.01** |
| α-synuclein (pg/ml) | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 6.93 ± 5.87 | 0.99 ± 0.18 | 1.67 ± 0.24 | 13.17 ± 5.58 | 0.66 ± 0.13 | 0.71 ± 0.11 | 0.94 ± 0.20 | 0.64 ± 0.43 | 0.98 ± 0.22 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | <0.01** |
| Total tau (pg/ml) | 12.12 ± 0.96 | 20.32 ± 2.73 | 19.02 ± 1.25 | 20.27 ± 2.43 | 21.67 ± 1.92 | 16.15 ± 1.59 | 20.72 ± 1.78 | 18.94 ± 2.12 | 14.74 ± 0.97 | 24.14 ± 2.06 | 41.53 ± 1.10 | <0.01** |
| Phospho-tau (pg/ml) | 1.52 ± 0.18 | 3.98 ± 1.38 | 3.72 ± 0.27 | 4.09 ± 0.43 | 4.13 ± 0.30 | 2.89 ± 0.56 | 5.14 ± 0.43 | 3.83 ± 0.69 | 3.19 ± 0.17 | 6.79 ± 0.17 | 6.82 ± 0.32 | <0.01** |
| Aβ42 (pg/ml) | 15.48 ± 0.17 | 16.23 ± 0.73 | 16.25 ± 0.42 | 15.80 ± 0.44 | 17.01 ± 0.75 | 14.65 ± 0.49 | 16.96 ± 0.67 | 15.38 ± 0.35 | 15.27 ± 0.34 | 17.59 ± 0.83 | 18.42 ± 0.60 | <0.01** |
PD, Parkinson’s disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; PDD, Parkinson’s disease dementia; DLB, dementia with Lewy body; MSA, multiple system atrophy; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; CBD, corticobasal degeneration; FTD-P, frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism; FTD without P, frontotemporal dementia without parkinsonism features; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; N.A., not available. Numbers are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01. The p-values was analyzed by multiple comparisons which were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’s test was applied for post hoc analysis.