Table 2.

Risk factors for stricture recurrence [80], [81], [82], [83].

Factors	Risk ratio (range)
Diseases
Smoking	1.8 (1.0–3.1)
Diabetes mellitus	2.0 (0.8–4.9)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	1.3 (0.4–4.4)
Connective tissue disease	1.3 (0.3–4.7)
Coronary artery disease	1.0 (0.4–2.5)
Stricture aetiology
Trauma	2.6 (0.98–6.9)
Iatrogenic	3.4 (1.2–10)
Infectious	7.3 (2.3–23.7)
Lichen sclerosus	5.9 (2.1–16.5)
Radiation	3.3 (0.8–14)
Location
Anterior	0.49 (0.2–1.2)
Posterior	0.67 (0.3–1.7)
Panurethral	1.4 (0.38–5)
Prior treatment
Urethroplast	6.9 (2.1–22.6)
Urethrotomy	0.8 (0.2–2.8)
Dilation	0.7 (0.3–1.4)
Hypospadias	1.6 (0.7–3.9)
Stricture length >5 cm	2.3 (1.2–4.5)
Age	0.99 (0.98–1.01)