Table 1.
Cancer genes known to influence PD-L1 expression
| Gene | Function | Relation to MYC | Refs. (relation to MYC) | Refs. (induce PD-L1 expression) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MYC | Oncogene | N/A | N/A | 44,45 |
| BRD4 | Oncogene | Epigenetic regulator | 110 | 71 |
| RAS | Oncogene | Upstream | 111,112 | 94 |
| NF-kB | Proproliferative | Upstream, downstream | 113 | 74 |
| AKT | Oncogene | Upstream | 114,115 | 90,91 |
| CDK5 | Oncogene | Upstream | 116 | 92 |
| MET | Oncogene | Upstream | 117,118 | 93 |
| MAPK | Oncogene | Upstream | 119,120 | 93 |
| EGFR | Oncogene | Upstream | 121 | 83 |
| ALK | Oncogene | Upstream | 122 | 85 |
| STAT3 | Oncogene | Upstream, downstream | 123 | 46,124 |
| PTEN | Tumor suppressor | Upstream | 125-128 | 82,86 |
| P53 | Tumor suppressor | Upstream, downstream | 129-131 | 132,133 |
Expression of many oncogenes, and loss of select tumor suppressors, can influence PD-L1 expression. These are tabulated along with their possible influence on MYC signaling.
N/A, not applicable; Refs., references.