Table 3.

Estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) and bias from 1000 “all ages” simulations under different study designs and levels of misclassification, assuming 50% VE.

Design	Misclassification	Estimated VE	Percent bias
Cohort	None	50% (45–55%)	0%
Cohort	RT-PCR	47% (42–52%)	−6%
Cohort	Rapid test	40% (34–45%)	−20%
Case-control	None	50% (44–55%)	0%
Case-control	RT-PCR	47% (40–52%)	−6%
Case-control	Rapid test	40% (33–46%)	−20%
Test-negative	None	50% (44–55%)	0%
Test-negative	RT-PCR	46% (39–52%)	−8%
Test-negative	Rapid test	37% (29–43%)	−26%