Table 2.
Evidences of PE increasing brain functioning | |
---|---|
Animal studies | Human studies |
Neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis (hippocampus, neocortex) [1] Angiogenesis (hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum) [2] Modulation in neurotransmission systems (e.g., serotonin, noradrenalin, acetylcholine) [3] Increased neurotrophic factors (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1) [4] Improvements of spatial memory performances [5] Transgenerational effects of maternal motor exercise [6] |
Increased gray matter volume in frontal and hippocampal regions [7] Increased levels of neurotrophic factors (e.g., peripheral BDNF) [8] Increased blood flow [9] Increasing in academic achievement (especially children) [10] Improvements in cognitive abilities (learning and memory, attentional processes and executive processes) [11] Prevention of cognitive decline and reduced risk of developing dementia (especially in the elderly) [12] Modified network topology [13] |
van Praag et al., 1999a,b; Brown et al., 2003; Ehninger and Kempermann, 2003; Steiner et al., 2004; Hirase and Shinohara, 2014;
Black et al., 1990; Isaacs et al., 1992; Kleim et al., 2002; Swain et al., 2003; Ekstrand et al., 2008; Gelfo et al., 2018;
van Praag et al., 2005; Nithianantharajah and Hannan, 2006; Langdon and Corbett, 2012; Snigdha et al., 2014;
Kramer et al., 1999; Colcombe and Kramer, 2003; Grego et al., 2005; Pereira et al., 2007; Winter et al., 2007; Lista and Sorrentino, 2010; Chieffi et al., 2017; Fernandes et al., 2017;