Table 1.

Mean (SD) raw scores of young and older adults on the temporal order memory test and standardized neuropsychological tests, along with the results of one-way analysis of variance tests comparing age group differences and associated Cohen’s d effects size estimates.

	YA (n = 45)	OA (n = 30)	F	p	d
Temporal Order Memory
Immediate Free Recall	6.58 (2.37)	5.13 (2.56)	6.28	<.01**	0.59
Delayed Free Recall	6.57 (2.37)	4.90 (2.44)	8.81	<.01**	0.70
Cued Recall	8.44 (1.92)	6.63 (2.72)	10.86	<.01**	0.75
Verbal Memory
HVLT-R Immediate Free Recall	28.91 (2.42)	27.52 (4.51)	6.25	<.05*	0.39
HVLT-R Delayed Free Recall	10.56 (1.21)	9.94 (2.20)	7.67	<.01**	0.35
Language
Phonemic Fluency (Total)	40.38 (7.13)	42.53 (13.63)	0.80	.37	--
Attention
DKEFS Trails: Trial 1	17.38 (5.07)	22.65 (6.98)	51.35	<.001**	0.86
Executive Functioning
DKEFS Trails: Trial 4	63.51 (18.38)	94.48 (48.22)	40.76	<.001**	0.85
Visuospatial Perception
Benton JoLO	25.44 (3.92)	23.96 (4.30)	8.72	<.01**	0.36
Word Reading
WRAT-4	62.13 (3.31	64.20 (5.01)	4.64	<.05*	0.49

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01 or lower.

HVLT-R = Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised

DKEFS = Delis Kaplan Executive Function System

JoLO = Benton Judgment of Line Orientation Test

WRAT-4 = Word Reading subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test-Fourth Edition