TABLE 4.
Cross-Group Comparisons of RAA Grand Mean Scores Based on Age Group, Grade in School, and Socioeconomic Status of Students Who Participated in the Preliminary (Mailed) Evaluation Study
| Groupings | N | M | SD | Sum of Squares |
df | Mean Square |
F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | ||||||||
| 9–10 years | 29 | 1.317 | 0.199 | Between 0.312 | 4 | .078 | 2.145 | .079 |
| 11 years | 21 | 1.362 | 0.243 | Within 4.623 | 127 | .036 | ||
| 12 years | 24 | 1.440 | 0.164 | Total 4.936 | 131 | |||
| 13 years | 37 | 1.430 | 0.182 | |||||
| 14–15 years | 21 | 1.427 | 0.162 | |||||
| Total | 132 | 1.396 | 0.194 | |||||
| Grade in school | ||||||||
| Third and fourth | 16 | 1.301 | 0.246 | Between 0.340 | 4 | .085 | 2.346 | .058 |
| Fifth | 24 | 1.374 | 0.198 | Within 4.596 | 127 | .036 | ||
| Sixth | 18 | 1.343 | 0.221 | Total 4.936 | 131 | |||
| Seventh | 34 | 1.420 | 0.170 | |||||
| Eighth and ninth | 40 | 1.449 | 0.161 | |||||
| Total | 132 | 1.396 | 0.194 | |||||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||
| Lower 0–49 points | 34 | 1.309* | 0.233 | Between 0.420 | 3 | .140 | 3.748 | .013* |
| Low middle 50–69 points | 30 | 1.411 | 0.170 | Within 4.180 | 122 | .037 | ||
| Upper middle 70–89 points | 29 | 1.421 | 0.182 | Total 4.599 | 115 | |||
| Upper 90–99 points | 23 | 1.473* | 0.169 | |||||
| Total | 116 | 1.396 | 0.200 |
*
p value significance <.05; however, the group sizes were unequal. When using the harmonic mean sample size of 28, post hoc p values using Tukey, Duncan, and Scheffe were not significant.