Table 4.
Multivariable associations of education level and socioeconomic status with infectious, medical or obstetric, psychological and social morbidity
| Country | India (n=2098*/2099)† |
Pakistan (n=2795*/3287)‡ |
Kenya (n=2793*/3145)§ |
Malawi (n=2910*/2923)¶ |
Total (n=10 596*/11 454)** |
|||||
| Type of morbidity | %†† | OR‡‡ (95% CI) | %†† | OR‡‡ (95% CI) | %†† | OR‡‡ (95% CI) | %†† | OR‡‡ (95% CI) | %†† | OR†‡ (95% CI) |
| Educational level | ||||||||||
| Infectious morbidity | 15.9 | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.21) |
27.0 | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.30) |
40.4 | 1.11 (0.99 to 1.25) |
56.5 | 0.81 (0.71 to 0.93) |
36.0 | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) |
| Medical or obstetric morbidity | 62.8 | 0.92 (0.83 to 1.03) |
71.2 | 0.86 (0.80 to 0.92) |
27.1 | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) |
41.5 | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.08) |
50.0 | 0.91 (0.87 to 0.95) |
| Psychological morbidity | 19.8 | 1.53 (1.34 to 1.76) |
47.3 | 0.68 (0.63 to 0.73) |
13.5 | 0.80 (0.67 to 0.94) |
16.4 | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.88) |
25.1 | 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) |
| Social morbidity | 40.4 | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.21) |
60.2 | 0.77 (0.72 to 0.83) |
25.0 | 0.82 (0.72 to 0.93) |
19.8 | 0.84 (0.74 to 0.97) |
36.6 | 0.83 (0.79 to 0.87) |
| Any morbidity | 84.3 | 1.19 (1.01 to 1.40) |
89.1 | 0.74 (0.60 to 0.91) |
67.9 | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.21) |
81.3 | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.01) |
77.4 | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.03) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||||
| Infectious morbidity | 15.9 | 0.67 (0.53 to 0.84) |
27.0 | 1.49 (1.15 to 1.93) |
70.4 | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.16) |
56.5 | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.98) |
36.0 | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.05) |
| Medical or obstetric morbidity | 62.8 | 0.84 (0.73 to 0.97) |
71.2 | 1.03 (0.93 to 1.14) |
27.1 | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.13) |
41.5 | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.01) |
50.0 | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) |
| Psychological morbidity | 19.8 | 0.85 (0.72 to 0.97) |
47.3 | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.06) |
13.5 | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) |
16.4 | 1.61 (1.45 to 1.78) |
25.1 | 1.15 (1.10 to 1.21) |
| Social morbidity | 40.4 | 0.58 (0.49 to 0.68) |
60.2 | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.05) |
25.0 | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.08) |
19.8 | 1.33 (1.22 to 1.44) |
36.6 | 1.05 (1.01 to 1.10) |
| Any morbidity | 84.3 | 0.54 (0.45 to 0.65) |
89.1 | 0.95 (0.66 to 1.36) |
67.9 | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.08) |
81.3 | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.08) |
77.4 | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.01) |
*Number of women for whom both education and socioeconomic status were available.
†For infectious conditions, and hence for any morbidity, the numbers with CRP measured were 1872/1873 in India.
‡For infectious conditions, and hence for any morbidity, the numbers with CRP measured were 720/792 in Pakistan.
§For infectious conditions, and hence for any morbidity, the numbers with CRP measured were 2649/2984 in Kenya.
¶For infectious conditions, and hence for any morbidity, the numbers with CRP measured were 1535/1544 in Malawi.
**For infectious conditions, and hence for any morbidity, the numbers with CRP measured were 6776/7193 in total.
††Percentage of women in the study (sub) population with the morbidity.
‡‡Factor by which odds changes for each increment in education or SES category (from lowest/’poorest’ to highest/’richest’).
CRP, C reactive protein; SES, socioeconomic status.