Table 1. Baseline (HIV diagnosis or, if unavailable, enrollment in care) characteristics of the 135,479 HIV-infected children included, by region, in the IeDEA Global Cohort Consortium, 2004–2015.
| Characteristic | Region | Total | p-Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia-Pacific | Central Africa | Latin America | East Africa | Southern Africa | West Africa | |||
| N | 4,045 | 4,948 | 2,488 | 22,827 | 93,799 | 7,372 | 135,479 | |
| Sex, n (%) | <0.01* | |||||||
| Males | 2,082 (51.5) | 2,222 (44.9) | 1,106 (44.5) | 9,642 (42.2) | 40,486 (43.2) | 3,414 (46.3) | 58,952 (43.5) | |
| Females | 1,963 (48.5) | 2,726 (55.1) | 1,382 (55.5) | 13,185 (57.8) | 53,154 (56.7) | 3,480 (47.2) | 75,890 (56.0) | |
| Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 159 (0.2) | 478 (6.5) | 637 (0.5) | |
| Median age at baseline (years) (IQR) | 4 (2–7) | 7 (3–12) | 8 (2–16) | 6 (3–12) | 6 (2–12) | 4 (2–9) | 6 (2–12) | <0.01 |
| Age at baseline, n (%) | <0.01 | |||||||
| 0–11 months | 653 (16.1) | 570 (11.5) | 425 (17.1) | 2,449 (10.7) | 14,859 (15.8) | 1,061 (14.4) | 20,017 (14.8) | |
| 12–23 months | 508 (12.6) | 377 (7.6) | 211 (8.5) | 2,014 (8.8) | 11,001 (11.7) | 1,114 (15.1) | 15,225 (11.2) | |
| 2–4 years | 1,233 (30.5) | 912 (18.4) | 354 (14.2) | 5,383 (23.6) | 15,307 (16.3) | 1,769 (24.0) | 24,958 (18.4) | |
| 5–9 years | 1,249 (30.9) | 1,345 (27.2) | 423 (17.0) | 5,798 (25.4) | 21,073 (22.5) | 1,904 (25.8) | 31,792 (23.5) | |
| 10–14 years | 377 (9.3) | 966 (19.5) | 404 (16.2) | 3,312 (14.5) | 15,030 (16.0) | 941 (12.8) | 21,030 (15.5) | |
| 15–19 years | 25 (0.6) | 778 (15.7) | 671 (27.0) | 3,871 (17.0) | 16,529 (17.6) | 583 (7.9) | 22,457 (16.6) | |
| Country income, n (%) | <0.01$ | |||||||
| Low income | 593 (14.7) | 4,948 (100.0) | 1,704 (68.5) | 22,827 (100.0) | 12,671 (13.5) | 2,136 (29.0) | 44,879 (33.1) | |
| Lower middle income | 2,235 (55.3) | 0 (0.0) | 201 (8.1) | 0 (0.0) | 46,275 (49.3) | 5,236 (71.0) | 53,947 (39.8) | |
| Upper middle income | 1,217 (30.1) | 0 (0.0) | 563 (22.6) | 0 (0.0) | 34,853 (37.2) | 0 (0.0) | 36,633 (27.0) | |
| High income | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (0.01) | |
| Year of enrollment, n (%) | <0.01 | |||||||
| <April 2008 | 2,139 (52.9) | 2,184 (44.1) | 1,006 (40.4) | 8,003 (35.1) | 26,338 (28.1) | 3,045 (41.3) | 42,715 (31.5) | |
| April 2008–June 2010 | 1,009 (24.9) | 1,116 (22.6) | 427 (17.2) | 6,437 (28.2) | 23,141 (24.7) | 1,429 (19.4) | 33,559 (24.8) | |
| July 2010–May 2013 | 701 (17.3) | 1,200 (24.3) | 696 (28.0) | 6,590 (28.9) | 27,065 (28.9) | 1,729 (23.5) | 37,981 (28.0) | |
| ≥June 2013 | 196 (4.8) | 448 (9.1) | 359 (14.4) | 1,797 (7.9) | 17,255 (18.4) | 1,169 (15.9) | 21,224 (15.7) | |
| Access to care, n (%) | <0.01 | |||||||
| Enrolled following an HIV diagnosis | 2,360 (58.3) | 1,519 (30.7) | 988 (39.7) | 2,015 (8.8) | 9,565 (10.2) | 1,588 (21.5) | 18,035 (13.3) | |
| Diagnosis at time of enrollment | 918 (22.7) | 1,280 (25.9) | 1,171 (47.1) | 9,609 (42.1) | 9,459 (10.1) | 552 (7.5) | 22,989 (17.0) | |
| Diagnosis after enrollment | 653 (16.1) | 144 (2.9) | 329 (13.2) | 2,018 (8.8) | 1,205 (1.3) | 493 (6.7) | 4,842 (3.6) | |
| No date of confirmed HIV diagnosis available | 114 (2.8) | 2,005 (40.5) | 0 (0.0) | 9,185 (40.2) | 73,570 (78.4) | 4,739 (64.3) | 89,613 (66.1) | |
| WHO/CDC clinical stage at baseline, n (%) | <0.01 | |||||||
| Stage 1/2 or CDC stage A/B | 1,292 (31.9) | 1,470 (29.7) | 428 (17.2) | 8,158 (35.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1,968 (26.7) | 13,316 (9.8) | |
| Stage 3/4 or AIDS | 1,925 (47.6) | 1,103 (22.3) | 190 (7.6) | 2,137 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2,621 (35.6) | 7,976 (5.9) | |
| Unknown | 828 (20.5) | 2,375 (48.0) | 1,870 (75.2) | 12,532 (54.9) | 93,799 (100.0) | 2,783 (37.8) | 114,187 (84.3) | |
| Severe immunodeficiency for age at baseline**, n (%) | <0.01 | |||||||
| Yes | 2,177 (53.8) | 948 (19.2) | 787 (31.6) | 6,610 (29.0) | 32,314 (34.5) | 2,996 (40.6) | 45,832 (33.8) | |
| No | 772 (19.1) | 954 (19.3) | 555 (22.3) | 5,855 (25.6) | 19,903 (21.2) | 1,320 (17.9) | 29,359 (21.7) | |
| Missing | 1,096 (27.1) | 3,046 (61.6) | 1,146 (46.1) | 10,362 (45.4) | 41,582 (44.3) | 3,056 (41.5) | 60,288 (44.5) | |
| Clinical£ or immunological** ART eligibility at baseline, n (%) | <0.01 | |||||||
| Yes | 2,864 (70.8) | 1,676 (33.9) | 893 (35.9) | 8,082 (35.4) | 32,314 (34.5) | 4,416 (59.9) | 50,245 (37.1) | |
| No | 370 (9.1) | 462 (9.3) | 174 (7.0) | 2,413 (10.6) | 0 (0.0) | 430 (5.8) | 3,849 (2.8) | |
| Missing | 811 (20.0) | 2,810 (56.8) | 1,421 (57.1) | 12,332 (54.0) | 61,485 (65.5) | 2,526 (34.3) | 81,385 (60.1) | |
| Eligible for ART according to WHO recommendations& at baseline, n (%) | <0.01 | |||||||
| Yes | 3,014 (74.5) | 2,140 (43.2) | 1,222 (49.1) | 10,479 (45.9) | 44,632 (47.6) | 4,995 (67.8) | 66,482 (49.1) | |
| No | 300 (7.4) | 459 (9.3) | 156 (6.3) | 2,379 (10.4) | 0 (0.0) | 380 (5.2) | 3,674 (2.7) | |
| Missing | 731 (18.1) | 2,349 (47.5) | 1,110 (44.6) | 9,969 (43.7) | 49,167 (52.4) | 1,997 (27.1) | 65,323 (48.2) | |
| Measure of CD4 cell count available, n (%) | 2,976 (73.6) | 1,562 (31.6) | 1,658 (66.6) | 13,506 (59.2) | 54,353 (57.9) | 4,839 (65.6) | 78,894 (58.2) | |
| Median CD4 cell count (cells/μl) (IQR) | 353 (63–830) | 427 (217–668) | 395 (182–718) | 484 (232–820) | 418 (207–758) | 453 (163–831) | 430 (203–773) | <0.01 |
| Measure of CD4 percentage available, n (%) | 2,917 (72.1) | 432 (8.7) | 526 (21.1) | 9,479 (41.5) | 42,534 (45.3) | 3,548 (48.1) | 59,436 (43.9) | |
| Median CD4 percentage (IQR) | 12 (4–22) | 16 (11–23) | 16 (8–26) | 19 (11–27) | 17 (11–25) | 15 (7–22) | 17 (10–25) | <0.01 |
*Males versus others.
$Low/lower middle/unknown versus upper middle/high.
**Severe immunodeficiency for age: CD4 ≤ 25% if age < 5 years or CD4 ≤ 350 cells/μl if age ≥ 5 years.
£Clinical stage WHO 3 or 4 or AIDS.
&Baseline before 1 April 2008: clinical or immunological eligibility; baseline 1 April 2008–30 June 2010: clinical or immunological eligibility or children <1 year; baseline 1 July 2010–31 May 2013: clinical or immunological eligibility or children <2 years; baseline on or after 1 June 2013: clinical or immunological eligibility or children <5 years.
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.