Effect of antibiotic treatment on population differentiation. Fixation index (Fst) between different populations of S. alvi and G. apicola from individual bees. (A–B)
Fst between all control and treatment bees: Control/Control (CC), Control/Treatment (CT), and Treatment/Treatment (TT). (C–D)
Fst between vulnerable and robust bees: Vulnerable/Vulnerable (VV), Vulnerable/Robust (VR), and Robust/Robust (RR). Circles represent median Fst values; vertical lines indicate standard deviation. *** = P < 0.0001, Wilcoxon test.