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. 2018 May 4;8:7091. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25413-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-resolved positron emission tomography (4D PET) images acquired during the propagation of a tracer pulse showing non-uniform flow phenomena in an artificial soil column. The tracer distributions are shown as overlaid isosurfaces. The top four images show retarded transport of ⁶⁴Cu radiolabeled Cu-MCPA complex, and the lower images show the transport of ¹⁸F-labeled KF as a reasonably conservative reference solute. The selected images represent comparable stages of propagation but were taken at different times. Full movies of all four test column experiments are downloadable as mpeg-4 video file from Supplementary Information.