Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study groups
| Control | Type 1 diabetes | p. control vs. type 1 diabetes | p. no DR vs. DR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | No retinopathy | Retinopathy | ||||
| N = 307 | N = 340 | N = 199 | N = 141 | |||
| Age, years | 44.0 [37.0; 51.0] | 45.0 [37.0; 53.0] | 43.4 (11.1) | 48.6 (12.1) | 0.164 | < 0.001 |
| Sex, men | 139 (45.7%) | 155 (45.6%) | 89 (44.7%) | 66 (46.8%) | 1 | 0.787 |
| Non-caucasian | 9 (2.96%) | 4 (1.18%) | 3 (1.51%) | 1 (0.71%) | 0.185 | 0.645 |
| Current or former smoker | 167 (55.3%) | 174 (51.3%) | 97 (49.0%) | 77 (54.6%) | 0.354 | 0.363 |
| Dyslipidemia | 39 (12.8%) | 144 (42.4%) | 72 (36.2%) | 72 (51.1%) | < 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Hypertension | 26 (8.55%) | 88 (25.9%) | 36 (18.1%) | 52 (36.9%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 120 [112; 129] | 129 [114; 139] | 127 [112; 135] | 132 [119; 145] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 76.0 [70.0; 81.0] | 75.0 [68.0; 80.0] | 74.5 (10.1) | 73.7 (9.98) | 0.009 | 0.447 |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 44.0 [38.0; 51.8] | 52.0 [42.5; 62.0] | 50.0 [40.0; 58.5] | 56.0 [46.8; 70.0] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 25.2 [23.2; 28.4] | 25.6 [22.8; 28.4] | 25.0 [22.5; 27.4] | 26.3 [23.5; 29.4] | 0.827 | 0.004 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 93.0 [84.2; 100] | 88.0 [80.0; 98.5] | 87.0 [79.0; 95.0] | 90.0 [82.0; 102] | < 0.001 | 0.003 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.40 [5.20; 5.60] | 7.50 [7.00; 8.10] | 7.40 [6.80; 7.90] | 7.60 [7.20; 8.40] | <0.001 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 36.0 [33.0; 38.0] | 58.0 [53.0; 65.0] | 57.0 [51.0; 63.0] | 60.0 [55.0; 68.0] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Total-c, mg/dL | 192 [170; 220] | 176 [160; 200] | 175 [161; 200] | 177 [156; 201] | < 0.001 | 0.903 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 56.5 [47.0; 68.0] | 62.0 [53.0; 74.0] | 63.0 [54.0; 74.0] | 60.5 [55.0; 72.8] | < 0.001 | 0.197 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 116 [94.8; 138] | 99.4 [83.0; 116] | 99.4 [84.6; 116] | 99.5 [79.9; 117] | < 0.001 | 0.684 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 85.0 [63.0; 122] | 68.0 [53.0; 86.0] | 65.0 [53.0; 83.5] | 70.0 [55.0; 89.0] | < 0.001 | 0.071 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.78 [0.68; 0.90] | 0.76 [0.65; 0.87] | 0.77 [0.66; 0.88] | 0.76 [0.65; 0.87] | 0.044 | 0.890 |
| Urine albumin/creatinine ratio, mg/g | – | 3.96 [2.08; 6.84] | 3.58 [1.82; 5.95] | 4.70 [2.76; 8.34] | – | 0.030 |
| Diabetes duration, years | – | 20.0 [14.0; 29.0] | 16.0 [11.0; 22.0] | 27.0 [20.0; 33.0] | – | < 0.001 |
Variables are expressed as median and interquartile range, unless otherwise specified
BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Total-c total cholesterol