Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes according to the presence and severity of DR
| No DR | Mild DR | > Mild DR | p overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 199 | N = 89 | N = 52 | ||
| Age, years | 43.4 (11.1) | 47.1 (12.2) | 51.1 (11.6) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, men | 89 (44.7%) | 41 (46.1%) | 27 (51.9%) | 0.906 |
| Non-caucasian | 3 (1.51%) | 1 (1.12%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 |
| Current or former smoker | 97 (49.0%) | 49 (55.1%) | 28 (53.8%) | 0.588 |
| Antiplatelet | 46 (23.1%) | 23 (25.8%) | 23 (44.2%) | 0.009 |
| Dyslipidemia | 72 (36.2%) | 41 (46.1%) | 31 (59.6%) | 0.007 |
| Hypertension | 36 (18.1%) | 25 (28.1%) | 27 (51.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 127 [112; 135] | 130 [119; 140] | 136 [116; 150] | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 74.5 (10.1) | 74.4 (8.92) | 72.4 (11.6) | 0.395 |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 50.0 [40.0; 58.5] | 53.0 [45.0; 66.0] | 62.0 [50.5; 75.0] | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 [22.5; 27.4] | 26.2 [23.6; 29.4] | 26.3 [23.3; 30.2] | 0.013 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 87.0 [79.0; 95.0] | 90.0 [82.0; 100] | 91.5 [82.0; 103] | 0.009 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.40 [6.80; 7.90] | 7.50 [7.10; 8.20] | 7.90 [7.30; 8.60] | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 57.0 [51.0; 63.0] | 58.0 [54.0; 66.0] | 63.0 [56.0; 70.0] | < 0.001 |
| Total-c, mg/dL | 175 [161; 200] | 177 [154; 200] | 184 [157; 201] | 0.989 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 63.0 [54.0; 74.0] | 60.5 [51.8; 71.0] | 60.5 [50.8; 76.0] | 0.422 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 99.4 [84.6; 116] | 98.0 [81.8; 121] | 105 [78.1; 115] | 0.913 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 65.0 [53.0; 83.5] | 69.0 [53.0; 93.0] | 74.0 [56.8; 88.0] | 0.166 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.77 [0.66; 0.88] | 0.75 [0.64; 0.85] | 0.78 [0.68; 0.92] | 0.340 |
| Urine albumin/creatinine ratio mg/g | 3.58 [1.82; 5.95] | 4.00 [1.98; 5.62] | 5.71 [3.12; 16.3] | 0.001 |
| Diabetes duration | 16.0 [11.0; 22.0] | 25.0 [18.0; 30.0] | 30.5 [22.0; 38.0] | < 0.001 |
Variables are expressed as median and interquartile range, unless otherwise specified
BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Total-c total cholesterol