Table 2.

Summary of Studies Measuring Neurological Effects of Cadmium (Cd) Exposure in Fish

Exposure Duration	Age at Exposure	Species	Chemical	LOEC1(ppb2)	Major Endpoints	Reference
4d	Adult	Fathead minnows	Cd3	2.5	Increase in auditory threshold	Low and Higgs (2015)
1d	2–5 dpf	Rainbow trout	Cd3	2	Higher growth rate, altered social behavior & olfactory accumulation	Sloman et al. (2003)
4h/day for 8d	Juveniles	Sea bass	Cd3	0.5	Sensory macula damage and impaired escape behavior	Faucher et al. (2008)
4h	Juveniles	Sea bass	Cd3	5	Neuromast damage	Faucher et al. (2006)
21d	Adults (Males)	Zebrafish	Cd3	1.9	Increased apoptotic (c-jun) & detoxifying genes (mt1 & mt2) at 21d	Gonzalez et al. (2006)
1d	Adults	Zebrafish	Cd3	110	Induction of nrf2 antioxidant genes (increased olfactory neuron cell death)	Wang and Gallagher (2013)
30d	Adults	Zebrafish	Cd chloride(CdCl2)	183	Changes in retinal morphology & ultrastructure, increased light sensitivity	Avallone et al. (2015)
1 – 6h	Adults	Zebrafish	Cd3	200	Increased mt2 and smtb	Wu et al. (2016)
2d, 7d, 16d	Adults	Zebrafish	CdCl2	613	Decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein	Monaco et al. (2016)
1d, 4d	Adult (Females)	Zebrafish	Cd3	1000	Increased ROS, nitric oxide, & malondialdehyde in brain and liver	Zheng et al. (2016)
3d	Adult (Females)	Zebrafish	Cd3	1000	Induction of mt2, smtb, and accumulation of Cd in ovaries and F1 larvae at 72hpf	Wu et al. (2012)
2d	Adults	Zebrafish	CdCl2	26122	LC50 and AChE inhibition	Zhang et al. (2017)
10m	Adult Brain	Zebrafish	Cd acetate Cd(CH3COO)2	28102	Nucleotide hydrolysis	Senger et al. (2006)
2d	3–5 dpf	Zebrafish	CdCl2	9	Increased mt2 and smtb	Wu et al. (2008)
4d	3–7 dpf	Zebrafish	Cd3	112	Cell death, altered histological and changes in olfactory dependent behavior.	Matz and Krone (2007)
3h	80 – 83 hpf	Zebrafish	Cd3	562	Reduced olfactory dependent predator response	Blechinger et al. (2007)
12h	Juvenile	Zebrafish	Cd3	970	Increased ROS and immunotoxicity	Zheng et al. (2017)
50d	0–50 dpf	Zebrafish	Cd3	20	Lower survival at 24 hpf and reduced olfactory-dependent predator response (64 dpf)	Kusch et al. (2008)
3d	0–72 hpf	Zebrafish	CdCl2	112	cyp19a1b gene expression and anti-estrogenic activity	Chouchene et al. (2016)
3d	0–72 hpf	Zebrafish	CdCl2	112	Altered adult hyperactivity and antioxidant physiology	Ruiter et al. (2016)
4d	0–96 hpf	Zebrafish	Cd3	112	Behavioral alteration, oxidative stress, immunotoxicity	Jin et al. (2015)
5d	0–120 hpf	Zebrafish	CdCl2	560	Induction of mt in olfactory pits and neuromast	Chen et al. (2007)
4d	0–96 hpf	Zebrafish	Cd3	2000	Reduction in neural crest gene expression and hypopigmentation	Zhang et al. (2015)
3d	0–72 hpf	Zebrafish	Cd3	2040	Neuromast damage	Sonnack et al. (2015)
~1d	4–24 hpf	Zebrafish	CdCl2	6893	Hyperpigmentation, reduced retinal ganglion projections, no photoreceptors, reduced neuronal projections	Hen Chow et al. (2009)
~1d	4–24 hpf	Zebrafish	CdCl2	11241	Decreased head size, unclear brain divisions, reduced proneuronal gene expression	Chow et al. (2008)

¹Lowest Observed Effect Concentration;

²parts per billion;

³Species not specified.