Table 2.

Funder, trial, organization type, and site location of “one-and-done” investigators' one FDA-regulated drug trial and other trials conducted.

Variable	N = 93 n (%)
The one FDA-regulated drug trial
Fundera
Pharmaceutical industry	69 (76.7)
U.S. government	11 (12.2)
Investigator-initiated and funded	5 (5.6)
Private foundation	3 (3.3)
Non-governmental organization	2 (2.2)
Other	2 (2.2)
Trial
Safety trial (typically Phase I)	13 (14.0)
Proof of concept or dose-ranging trial (typically Phase IIa/b)	22 (23.7)
Pivotal trials for registration (typically Phase III)	47 (50.5)
Otherb	11 (11.8)
Organization type
Academic institution/academic health system with research and education opportunities	60 (64.5)
Community or private practice with primary clinical responsibility	28 (30.1)
Hospital with no affiliated academic institution	2 (2.2)
Federal government agency	1 (1.1)
Dedicated research site with no affiliated clinical practice responsibility	0 (0.0)
Pharmaceutical industry	0 (0)
Other	2 (2.2)
Site location
Study site(s) in the U.S.	84 (90.3)
Study site(s) outside of the U.S.	0 (0)
Study sites in the U.S. and outside of the U.S.	9 (9.7)
Involved in non-FDA-regulated medical research	N = 72 n (%)
Types of other medical research
Clinical research (e.g., observational, prognostic, diagnostic)	50 (69.4)
Phase I, II, or III drug or device clinical trials without an Investigational New Drug Application or investigational device exemption	29 (40.3)
Epidemiological research (e.g., observation, cohort, case control)	21 (29.2)
Post-approval studies	17 (23.6)
Medical device clinical trials	11 (15.3)
Other	4 (5.6)
Funding for the other medical research
Investigator-funded	39 (54.2)
Pharmaceutical industry	35 (48.6)
U.S. government	30 (41.7)
Foundation	23 (31.9)
Non-governmental organizations	8 (11.1)
Other	2 (2.8)

^aInvestigators selected all that applied; data missing from 3 investigators.

^bThis included four Phase IV trials; trial phase unclear in other responses.