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. 2018 Apr 30;9:811. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00811

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Copyright © 2018 Grützner, Hoffmann, Wolf, Gersbacher, Neizert, Stirner, Pauli, Ulmer, Brust, Bogner, Jaeger and Draenert.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (M-MDSC) frequencies. (A) Polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell (PMN-MDSC) levels were significantly lower than M-MDSCs in the New Era (NE) population (p = 0.008). (B) M-MDSCs in the NE group were similar to the 3ART patients. (C) Comparable frequencies in the subgroups primary HIV infection (PHI) and chronic HIV infection (CHI) (p = 0.2). (D) The M-MDSC levels in the patients with antiretroviral therapy (w ART) and w/o ART were significantly increased compared with the HIV-uninfected controls (HC) group (p < 0.002) [HC: n = 10; 3ART: n = 10; NE: n = 19 (PHI: n = 8; CHI: n = 11); progressors (PR): n = 10; CO: n = 10].