Table 1.

Primers used in this study.

Gene	Primer	Sequence (5′-3′)	Amplification Length(bp)	Reference
GDH	GDH-F	TTCCTAATTTAGCAGCAGCTTC	158	Bauer et al., 2011
	GDH-R	GTCTTGGATGGTTGATGAGTAC
16srDNA	PS13	GGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATA	1,100	Lin et al., 2011
	PS14	TGACGGGCGGTGTGTACAAG
adk	adkF	TTACTTGGACCTCCAGGTGC	501	Griffiths et al., 2010
	adkR	TTTCCACTTCCTAAGGCTGC
atpA	atpAF	TGATGATTTAAGTAAACAAGCTG	555	Griffiths et al., 2010
	atpAR	AATCATGAGTGAAGTCTTCTCC
dxr	dxrF	GCTACTTTCCATTCTATCTG	411	Griffiths et al., 2010
	dxrR	CCAACTCTTTGTGCTATAAA
glyA	glyAF	ATAGCTGATGAGGTTGGAGC	516	Griffiths et al., 2010
	glyAR	TTCTAGCCTTAGATTCTTCATC
recA	recAF	CAGTAATGAAATTGGGAGAAGC	564	Griffiths et al., 2010
	recAR	ATTCAGCTTGCTTAAATGGTG
sodA	sodAF	CCAGTTGTCAATGTATTCATTTC	450	Griffiths et al., 2010
	sodAR	ATAACTTCATTTGCTTTTACACC
tpi	tpiF	ATGAGAAAACCTATAATTGCAG	504	Griffiths et al., 2010
	tpiR	TTGAAGGTTTAACACTTCCACC
tcdA	tcdA-F	AGATTCCTATATTTACATGACAATAT	36 (A+B+)	Lemee et al., 2004
	tcdA-R	GTATCAGGCATAAAGTAATATACTTT	110 (A-B+)
tcdA	NK2	CCCAATAGAAGATTCAATATTAAGCT	251	Kato et al., 1991
	NK3	GGAAGAAAAGAACTTCTGGCACACTCAGGT
tcdA rep	NK11	TGATGCTAATAATGAATCTAAAATGGTAAC	1,266	Kato et al., 1991
	NK9	CCACCAGCTGCAGCCATA
tcdB	NK104	GTGTAGCAATGAAAGTCCAAGTTTACGC	203	Kato et al., 1991
	NK105	CACTTAGCTCTTTGATTGCTGCACCT
tcdC	Tim2	GCACCTCATCACCATCTTCAA	345	Cohen et al., 2000
	Struppi2	TGAAGACCATGAGGAGGTCAT
tcdC	C1	TTAATTAATTTTCTCTACAGCTATCC	718	Spigaglia and Mastrantonio, 2002
	C2	TCTAATAAAAGGGAGATTGTATTATG
tcdR	Tim 3	AAAAGCGATGCTATTATAGTCAAA	300	Spigaglia and Mastrantonio, 2002
	Struppi3	CCTTATTAACAGCTTGTCTAGAT
tcdE	Tim1	GTTTAAGTGCAATAAAAAGTCGTA	262	Cohen et al., 2000
	Struppi1	GGTAATCCACATAAGCACATATT
cdtA	cdtApos	TGAACCTGGAAAAGGTGATG	375	Stubbs et al., 2000
	cdtArev	AGGATTATTTACTGGACCATTTG
cdtB	cdtBpos	CTTAATGCAAGTAAATACTGAG	510	Stubbs et al., 2000
	cdt Brev	AACGGATCTCTTGCTTCAGTC