Table 1.

Application of Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) Principles [86] in the Family Model of DSME.

CBPR Principle	Application of CBPR Principles in the Family Model of DSME
The community is the unit of identity	The Marshallese community in northwest Arkansas is the unit of identity and is engaged as a partner
The strengths and resources within the community are built upon	The family networks within the Marshallese community and particular cultural beliefs were engaged and built upon through training Marshallese community health workers (CHWs) to deliver the intervention, the incorporation of cultural beliefs in intervention materials, and Marshallese community organizations-led recruitment efforts
There are collaborative, equitable partnerships in all phases of the research	The issue of T2D was initially identified by the community through prior formative work; community investigators meet regularly with academic investigators for all project-related decisions
Co-learning and capacity building is promoted among all partners	Academic partners received formal training in CBPR; community partners received training in research methodology; regular team meetings facilitate co-learning of research principles and community values
The balance between research and action is integrated and achieved	The research question of whether a Family Model of DSME is more effective than a Standard DSME approach for diabetes management is balanced with the action to combat diabetes-related complications in the Marshallese community. The research is conducted in the larger context of our CBPR work that includes programs focused on healthy food access, cultural training for health care providers, and policy reform
An ecological model of health and local relevance of public health problems are emphasized	The issue of T2D was identified by the community as a relevant local public health problem in previous formative work and the research is part of larger policy, system, and environmental efforts that focus on ecological factors of diabetes
Systems development is involved through a cyclical and iterative process	Both academic and community partners underwent CBPR training to strengthen the partnership; regular team meetings where both community and academic partners participate to make project-related decisions facilitate systems development
Findings and knowledge gained are disseminated to all partners and all partners are involved in the data dissemination process	Outcome data will be disseminated through community forums, community information sheets, scientific manuscripts, and scientific conferences